Articles | Volume 37, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-561-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-561-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
11 Jul 2019
Regular paper |
| 11 Jul 2019
| 11 Jul 2019
GUMICS-4 analysis of interplanetary coronal mass ejection impact on Earth during low and typical Mach number solar winds
Antti Lakka
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
Tuija I. Pulkkinen
Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
Andrew P. Dimmock
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden
Emilia Kilpua
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Matti Ala-Lahti
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Ilja Honkonen
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Minna Palmroth
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Osku Raukunen
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Related authors
Antti Lakka, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Andrew P. Dimmock, Adnane Osmane, Ilja Honkonen, Minna Palmroth, and Pekka Janhunen
Ann. Geophys., 35, 907–922, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the impact on global MHD simulations from different simulation initialisation methods. While the global MHD code used is GUMICS-4 we conclude that the results might be generalisable to other codes as well. It is found that different initialisation methods affect the dynamics of the Earth's space environment by creating differences in momentum transport several hours afterwards. These differences may even grow as a response to rapid solar wind condition changes.
Sanjay Kumar and Tuija I. Pulkkinen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1113, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze magnetopause location, influenced by solar wind and IMF. Shue's (1998) model predicts its position based on solar wind pressure & IMF Bz. We investigate its location under northward/southward IMF & substorms using Shue's model & THEMIS/RBSP/MMS data. We observe significant magnetopause compression during strong northward/southward IMF around substorm peak.
Leo Kotipalo, Markus Battarbee, Yann Pfau-Kempf, and Minna Palmroth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-301, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-301, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines a method called adaptive mesh refinement in optimization of the space plasma simulation model Vlasiator. The method locally adjusts resolution in regions which are most relevant to model, based on the properties of the plasma. The runs testing this method show that adaptive refinement manages to highlight the desired regions with manageable performance overhead. Performance in larger scale production runs and mitigation of overhead are avenues of further research.
Jonas Suni, Minna Palmroth, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Giulia Cozzani, Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Harriet George, Evgeny Gordeev, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Vertti Tarvus, Fasil Tesema, and Hongyang Zhou
Ann. Geophys., 41, 551–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are structures of enhanced plasma density and/or velocity in a region of near-Earth space known as the magnetosheath. When they propagate towards the Earth, these jets can disturb the Earth's magnetic field and cause hazards for satellites. In this study, we use a simulation called Vlasiator to model near-Earth space and investigate jets using case studies and statistical analysis. We find that jets that propagate towards the Earth are different from jets that do not.
Emilia Katja Johanna Kilpua, Simon Good, Matti Ala-Lahti, Adnane Osmane, and Venla Koikkalainen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2352, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2352, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind is organised to slow and fast streams, interaction regions and transient structures originating from solar eruptions. Their internal characteristics are not well understood. The more comprehensive understanding of such features can give insight on physical processes governing their formation and evolution. Using tools from information theory we find that the solar wind shows universal turbulent properties on smaller scales while on larger-scale clear differences arise.
Markku Alho, Giulia Cozzani, Ivan Zaitsev, Fasil Tesema Kebede, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Maarja Bussov, Maxime Dubart, Sanni Hoilijoki, Leo Kotipalo, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, Abiyot Workayehu, Hongyang Zhou, and Minna Palmroth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2300, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In detailed space plasma simulations, finding and characterizing magnetic reconnection sites and related geometries requires new tools to describe complex and dynamic geometries. This paper addresses the problem by determining suitable local coordinate systems and finding the geometrical signatures of relevant magnetic field features in these coordinates. We demonstrate the utility of the method on a state-of-the-art 3D simulation of Earth's magnetosphere, performed with the Vlasiator code.
Liisa Juusola, Ari Viljanen, Andrew P. Dimmock, Mirjam Kellinsalmi, Audrey Schillings, and James M. Weygand
Ann. Geophys., 41, 13–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-13-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-13-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have examined events during which the measured magnetic field on the ground changes very rapidly, causing a risk to technological conductor networks. According to our results, such events occur when strong electric currents in the ionosphere at 100 km altitude are abruptly modified by sudden compression or expansion of the magnetospheric magnetic field farther in space.
Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Markku Alho, Maxime Grandin, Maxime Dubart, Lucile Turc, Hongyang Zhou, Konstantinos Horaites, Ivan Zaitsev, Giulia Cozzani, Maarja Bussov, Evgeny Gordeev, Fasil Tesema, Harriet George, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7903–7912, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a plasma simulation code that simulates the entire near-Earth space at a global scale. As 6D simulations require enormous amounts of computational resources, Vlasiator uses adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to lighten the computational burden. However, due to Vlasiator’s grid topology, AMR simulations suffer from grid aliasing artifacts that affect the global results. In this work, we present and evaluate the performance of a mechanism for alleviating those artifacts.
Adnane Osmane, Mikko Savola, Emilia Kilpua, Hannu Koskinen, Joseph E. Borovsky, and Milla Kalliokoski
Ann. Geophys., 40, 37–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-37-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-37-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
It has long been known that particles get accelerated close to the speed of light in the near-Earth space environment. Research in the last decades has also clarified what processes and waves are responsible for the acceleration of particles. However, it is difficult to quantify the scale of the impact of various processes competing with one another. In this study we present a methodology to quantify the impact waves can have on energetic particles.
Ioannis A. Daglis, Loren C. Chang, Sergio Dasso, Nat Gopalswamy, Olga V. Khabarova, Emilia Kilpua, Ramon Lopez, Daniel Marsh, Katja Matthes, Dibyendu Nandy, Annika Seppälä, Kazuo Shiokawa, Rémi Thiéblemont, and Qiugang Zong
Ann. Geophys., 39, 1013–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1013-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1013-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a detailed account of the science programme PRESTO (PREdictability of the variable Solar–Terrestrial cOupling), covering the period 2020 to 2024. PRESTO was defined by a dedicated committee established by SCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics). We review the current state of the art and discuss future studies required for the most effective development of solar–terrestrial physics.
Vertti Tarvus, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Jonas Suni, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markku Alho, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Andreas Johlander, Konstantinos Papadakis, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use simulations of Earth's magnetosphere and study the formation of transient wave structures in the region where the solar wind first interacts with the magnetosphere. These transients move earthward and play a part in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction. We show that the transients are a common feature and their properties are altered as they move earthward, including an increase in temperature, decrease in solar wind speed and an alteration in their propagation properties.
Andrei Runov, Maxime Grandin, Minna Palmroth, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Heli Hietala, Sanni Hoilijoki, Emilia Kilpua, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Sergio Toledo-Redondo, Lucile Turc, and Drew Turner
Ann. Geophys., 39, 599–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In collisionless systems like space plasma, particle velocity distributions contain fingerprints of ongoing physical processes. However, it is challenging to decode this information from observations. We used hybrid-Vlasov simulations to obtain ion velocity distribution functions at different locations and at different stages of the Earth's magnetosphere dynamics. The obtained distributions provide valuable examples that may be directly compared with observations by satellites in space.
Minna Palmroth, Savvas Raptis, Jonas Suni, Tomas Karlsson, Lucile Turc, Andreas Johlander, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Vertti Tarvus, and Adnane Osmane
Ann. Geophys., 39, 289–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity features within the Earth's turbulent magnetosheath, separating the Earth's magnetic domain from the solar wind. The characteristics of the jets are difficult to assess statistically as a function of their lifetime because normally spacecraft observe them only at one position within the magnetosheath. This study first confirms the accuracy of the model used, Vlasiator, by comparing it to MMS spacecraft, and then carries out the first jet lifetime statistics.
Minna Palmroth, Maxime Grandin, Theodoros Sarris, Eelco Doornbos, Stelios Tourgaidis, Anita Aikio, Stephan Buchert, Mark A. Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Roderick Heelis, Alex Hoffmann, Nickolay Ivchenko, Guram Kervalishvili, David J. Knudsen, Anna Kotova, Han-Li Liu, David M. Malaspina, Günther March, Aurélie Marchaudon, Octav Marghitu, Tomoko Matsuo, Wojciech J. Miloch, Therese Moretto-Jørgensen, Dimitris Mpaloukidis, Nils Olsen, Konstantinos Papadakis, Robert Pfaff, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Christian Siemes, Claudia Stolle, Jonas Suni, Jose van den IJssel, Pekka T. Verronen, Pieter Visser, and Masatoshi Yamauchi
Ann. Geophys., 39, 189–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) in terms of measurements and modelling. The LTI is the transition region between space and the atmosphere and as such of tremendous importance to both the domains of space and atmosphere. The paper also serves as the background for European Space Agency Earth Explorer 10 candidate mission Daedalus.
Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Markku Alho, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Grandin, Urs Ganse, Konstantinos Papadakis, Andreas Johlander, Lucile Turc, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate local acceleration dynamics of electrons with a new numerical simulation method, which is an extension of a world-leading kinetic plasma simulation. We describe how large supercomputer simulations can be used to initialize the electron simulations and show numerical stability for the electron method. We show that features of our simulated electrons match observations from Earth's magnetic tail region.
Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Adnane Osmane, Andreas Johlander, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Plasma waves are ubiquitous in the Earth's magnetosphere. They are responsible for many energetic processes happening in Earth's atmosphere, such as auroras. In order to understand these processes, thorough investigations of these waves are needed. We use a state-of-the-art numerical model to do so. Here we investigate the impact of different spatial resolutions in the model on these waves in order to improve in the future the model without wasting computational resources.
Markus Battarbee, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Lucile Turc, Primož Kajdič, Andreas Johlander, Vertti Tarvus, Stephen Fuselier, Karlheinz Trattner, Markku Alho, Thiago Brito, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Tomas Karlsson, Savvas Raptis, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Jonas Suni, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1081–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamics of helium in the foreshock, a part of near-Earth space found upstream of the Earth's bow shock. We show how the second most common ion in interplanetary space reacts strongly to plasma waves found in the foreshock. Spacecraft observations and supercomputer simulations both give us a new understanding of the foreshock edge and how to interpret future observations.
Lucile Turc, Vertti Tarvus, Andrew P. Dimmock, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Andreas Johlander, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1045–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using global computer simulations, we study properties of the magnetosheath, the region of near-Earth space where the stream of particles originating from the Sun, the solar wind, is slowed down and deflected around the Earth's magnetic field. One of our main findings is that even for idealised solar wind conditions as used in our model, the magnetosheath density shows large-scale spatial and temporal variation in the so-called quasi-parallel magnetosheath, causing varying levels of asymmetry.
Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Dominique Fontaine, Simon W. Good, Matti Ala-Lahti, Adnane Osmane, Erika Palmerio, Emiliya Yordanova, Clement Moissard, Lina Z. Hadid, and Miho Janvier
Ann. Geophys., 38, 999–1017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper studies magnetic field fluctuations in three turbulent sheath regions ahead of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in the near-Earth solar wind. Our results show that fluctuation properties vary significantly in different parts of the sheath when compared to solar wind ahead. Turbulence in sheaths resembles that of the slow solar wind in the terrestrial magnetosheath, e.g. regarding compressibility and intermittency, and it often lacks Kolmogorov's spectral indices.
Harriet George, Emilia Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Timo Asikainen, Milla M. H. Kalliokoski, Craig J. Rodger, Stepan Dubyagin, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 931–951, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We compared trapped outer radiation belt electron fluxes to high-latitude precipitating electron fluxes during two interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) with opposite magnetic cloud rotation. The electron response had many similarities and differences between the two events, indicating that different acceleration mechanisms acted. Van Allen Probe data were used for trapped electron flux measurements, and Polar Operational Environmental Satellites were used for precipitating flux data.
Milla M. H. Kalliokoski, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Drew L. Turner, Allison N. Jaynes, Lucile Turc, Harriet George, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 683–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-683-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-683-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive statistical study of the response of the Earth's space environment in sheath regions prior to interplanetary coronal mass ejections. The inner magnetospheric wave activity is enhanced in sheath regions, and the sheaths cause significant changes to the outer radiation belt electron fluxes over short timescales. We also show that non-geoeffective sheaths can result in a significant response.
Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, Thiago Brito, Maxime Grandin, Tuomas Koskela, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 625–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-625-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-625-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The structure and medium-scale dynamics of Earth's bow shock and how charged solar wind particles are reflected by it are studied in order to better understand space weather effects. We use advanced supercomputer simulations to model the shock and reflected ions. We find that the thickness of the shock depends on solar wind conditions but also has small-scale variations. Charged particle reflection is shown to be non-localized. Magnetic fields are important for ion reflection.
Theodoros E. Sarris, Elsayed R. Talaat, Minna Palmroth, Iannis Dandouras, Errico Armandillo, Guram Kervalishvili, Stephan Buchert, Stylianos Tourgaidis, David M. Malaspina, Allison N. Jaynes, Nikolaos Paschalidis, John Sample, Jasper Halekas, Eelco Doornbos, Vaios Lappas, Therese Moretto Jørgensen, Claudia Stolle, Mark Clilverd, Qian Wu, Ingmar Sandberg, Panagiotis Pirnaris, and Anita Aikio
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 153–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-153-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-153-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Daedalus aims to measure the largely unexplored area between Eart's atmosphere and space, the Earth's
ignorosphere. Here, intriguing and complex processes govern the deposition and transport of energy. The aim is to quantify this energy by measuring effects caused by electrodynamic processes in this region. The concept is based on a mother satellite that carries a suite of instruments, along with smaller satellites carrying a subset of instruments that are released into the atmosphere.
Emilia Kilpua, Liisa Juusola, Maxime Grandin, Antti Kero, Stepan Dubyagin, Noora Partamies, Adnane Osmane, Harriet George, Milla Kalliokoski, Tero Raita, Timo Asikainen, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 557–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-557-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-557-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coronal mass ejection sheaths and ejecta are key drivers of significant space weather storms, and they cause dramatic changes in radiation belt electron fluxes. Differences in precipitation of high-energy electrons from the belts to the upper atmosphere are thus expected. We investigate here differences in sheath- and ejecta-induced precipitation using the Finnish riometer (relative ionospheric opacity meter) chain.
Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Adnane Osmane, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, Thiago Brito, Tuomas Koskela, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 37, 791–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
When the terrestrial magnetic field is disturbed, particles from the near-Earth space can precipitate into the upper atmosphere. This work presents, for the first time, numerical simulations of proton precipitation in the energy range associated with the production of aurora (∼1–30 keV) using a global kinetic model of the near-Earth space: Vlasiator. We find that nightside proton precipitation can be regulated by the transition region between stretched and dipolar geomagnetic field lines.
Liisa Juusola, Sanni Hoilijoki, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Riku Jarvinen, Markus Battarbee, Emilia Kilpua, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1183–1199, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field, forming a magnetosphere. On the night side solar wind stretches the magnetosphere into a long tail. A process called magnetic reconnection opens the magnetic field lines and reconnects them, accelerating particles to high energies. We study this in the magnetotail using a numerical simulation model of the Earth’s magnetosphere. We study the motion of the points where field lines reconnect and the fast flows driven by this process.
Minna Palmroth, Heli Hietala, Ferdinand Plaschke, Martin Archer, Tomas Karlsson, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, David Sibeck, Primož Kajdič, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markus Battarbee, and Lucile Turc
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1171–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity plasma structures that are commonly observed within the Earth's magnetosheath. Previously, they have mainly been investigated with spacecraft observations, which do not allow us to infer their spatial sizes, temporal evolution, or origin. This paper shows for the first time their dimensions, evolution, and origins within a simulation whose dimensions are directly comparable to the Earth's magnetosphere. The results are compared to previous observations.
Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Markus Battarbee, Lucile Turc, Andrew P. Dimmock, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, David G. Sibeck, Paul A. Cassak, Robert C. Fear, Riku Jarvinen, Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Rami Vainio, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1081–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use the Vlasiator code to study the characteristics of transient structures that exist in the Earth's foreshock, i.e. upstream of the bow shock. The structures are cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs). These transients can interact with the bow shock. We study the changes the shock suffers via this interaction. We also investigate ion distributions associated with the cavitons and SHFAs. A very important result is that the arrival of multiple SHFAs results in shock erosion.
Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Maxime Grandin, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1027–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's magnetic field is shaped by the solar wind. On the dayside the field is compressed and on the nightside it is stretched as a long tail. The tail has been observed to occasionally undergo flapping motions, but the origin of these motions is not understood. We study the flapping using a numerical simulation of the near-Earth space. We present a possible explanation for how the flapping could be initiated by a passing disturbance and then maintained as a standing wave.
Matti M. Ala-Lahti, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Andrew P. Dimmock, Adnane Osmane, Tuija Pulkkinen, and Jan Souček
Ann. Geophys., 36, 793–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-793-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-793-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive statistical analysis of mirror mode waves and the properties of their plasma surroundings in sheath regions driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) to deepen our understanding of these geo-effective plasma environments. The results imply that mirror modes are common structures in ICME sheaths and occur almost exclusively as dip-like structures and in mirror stable stable plasma.
Minna Palmroth, Sanni Hoilijoki, Liisa Juusola, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Heli Hietala, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Sebastian von Alfthan, Rami Vainio, and Michael Hesse
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1269–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1269-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1269-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Much like solar flares, substorms occurring within the Earth's magnetic domain are explosive events that cause vivid auroral displays. A decades-long debate exists to explain the substorm onset. We devise a simulation encompassing the entire near-Earth space and demonstrate that detailed modelling of magnetic reconnection explains the central substorm observations. Our results help to understand the unpredictable substorm process, which will significantly improve space weather forecasts.
Antti Lakka, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Andrew P. Dimmock, Adnane Osmane, Ilja Honkonen, Minna Palmroth, and Pekka Janhunen
Ann. Geophys., 35, 907–922, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the impact on global MHD simulations from different simulation initialisation methods. While the global MHD code used is GUMICS-4 we conclude that the results might be generalisable to other codes as well. It is found that different initialisation methods affect the dynamics of the Earth's space environment by creating differences in momentum transport several hours afterwards. These differences may even grow as a response to rapid solar wind condition changes.
Yann Pfau-Kempf, Heli Hietala, Steve E. Milan, Liisa Juusola, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, Sebastian von Alfthan, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 34, 943–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-943-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-943-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We have simulated the interaction of the solar wind – the charged particles and magnetic fields emitted by the Sun into space – with the magnetic field of the Earth. The solar wind flows supersonically and creates a shock when it encounters the obstacle formed by the geomagnetic field. We have identified a new chain of events which causes phenomena in the downstream region to eventually cause perturbations at the shock and even upstream. This is confirmed by ground and satellite observations.
Andrew P. Dimmock, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Adnane Osmane, and Katariina Nykyri
Ann. Geophys., 34, 511–528, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-511-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-511-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Ion densities measured on the dawn-side magnetosheath flank were higher than the dusk-flank. The asymmetry was measured close to the magnetopause, but it became more ambiguous in the central magnetosheath. We show that the asymmetry was at its maximum at the 2009 solar minimum (~ 20 %), but then decreased in the rising stage of the next solar cycle (< 5 %). These results could impact plasma transport processes which are dependent on local magnetopause conditions such as Kelvin Helmholtz Instability.
Erika Palmerio, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, and Neel P. Savani
Ann. Geophys., 34, 313–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-313-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-313-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are giant clouds of plasma and magnetic field that erupt from the Sun and travel though the solar wind. They can cause interplanetary shocks in the vicinity of Earth. We show in our paper that the region that follows CME-driven shocks, known as sheath region, can obtain a planar configuration of the magnetic field lines (planar magnetic structure, PMS) due to the compression resulting from the shock itself or from the draping of the magnetic field ahead of the CME.
M. Myllys, E. Kilpua, and T. Pulkkinen
Ann. Geophys., 33, 845–855, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-845-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-845-2015, 2015
P. T. Verronen, M. E. Andersson, A. Kero, C.-F. Enell, J. M. Wissing, E. R. Talaat, K. Kauristie, M. Palmroth, T. E. Sarris, and E. Armandillo
Ann. Geophys., 33, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Electron concentrations observed by EISCAT radars can be reasonable well represented using AIMOS v1.2 satellite-data-based ionization model and SIC D-region ion chemistry model. SIC-EISCAT difference varies from event to event, probably because the statistical nature of AIMOS ionization is not capturing all the spatio-temporal fine structure of electron precipitation. Below 90km, AIMOS overestimates electron ionization because of proton contamination of the satellite electron detectors.
I. Honkonen
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 473–483, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-473-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-473-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A programming method in the C++ language is presented that allows developers of scientific numerical simulations to better reuse already developed software leading to less time and effort spent on writing code. A software package is also presented which allows simulation developers to more easily take advantage of the introduced programming method in both desktop and supercomputing environments.
K. Andréeová, L. Juusola, E. K. J. Kilpua, and H. E. J. Koskinen
Ann. Geophys., 32, 1293–1302, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1293-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1293-2014, 2014
L. Turc, D. Fontaine, P. Savoini, and E. K. J. Kilpua
Ann. Geophys., 32, 1247–1261, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1247-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1247-2014, 2014
L. Turc, D. Fontaine, P. Savoini, and E. K. J. Kilpua
Ann. Geophys., 32, 157–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-157-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-157-2014, 2014
D. Pokhotelov, S. von Alfthan, Y. Kempf, R. Vainio, H. E. J. Koskinen, and M. Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 31, 2207–2212, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2207-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2207-2013, 2013
E. K. J. Kilpua, H. Hietala, H. E. J. Koskinen, D. Fontaine, and L. Turc
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1559–1567, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1559-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1559-2013, 2013
E. K. J. Kilpua, A. Isavnin, A. Vourlidas, H. E. J. Koskinen, and L. Rodriguez
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1251–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1251-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1251-2013, 2013
A. T. Aikio, T. Pitkänen, I. Honkonen, M. Palmroth, and O. Amm
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1021–1034, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1021-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1021-2013, 2013
L. Turc, D. Fontaine, P. Savoini, H. Hietala, and E. K. J. Kilpua
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1011–1019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1011-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1011-2013, 2013
K. Andreeova, E. K. J. Kilpua, H. Hietala, H. E. J. Koskinen, A. Isavnin, and R. Vainio
Ann. Geophys., 31, 555–562, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-555-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-555-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Magnetosphere & space plasma physics | Keywords: Solar wind–magnetosphere interactions
Velocity of magnetic holes in the solar wind from Cluster multipoint measurements
Storm time polar cap expansion: interplanetary magnetic field clock angle dependence
Solar wind magnetic holes can cross the bow shock and enter the magnetosheath
Comment on
From the Sun to Earth: effects of the 25 August 2018 geomagnetic storm
Local time extent of magnetopause reconnection using space–ground coordination
The asymmetric geospace as displayed during the geomagnetic storm on 17 August 2001
Transfer entropy and cumulant-based cost as measures of nonlinear causal relationships in space plasmas: applications to Dst
Henriette Trollvik, Tomas Karlsson, and Savvas Raptis
Ann. Geophys., 41, 327–337, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-327-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-327-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind is in a plasma state and can exhibit a range of phenomena like waves and instabilities. One observed phenomenon in the solar wind is magnetic holes (MHs). They are localized depressions in the magnetic field. We studied the motion of MHs using the multispacecraft ESA Cluster mission. We derived their velocities in the solar wind frame and found that both linear and rotational MHs are convected with the solar wind.
Beket Tulegenov, Joachim Raeder, William D. Cramer, Banafsheh Ferdousi, Timothy J. Fuller-Rowell, Naomi Maruyama, and Robert J. Strangeway
Ann. Geophys., 41, 39–54, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-39-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-39-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study how the polar regions of the Earth connect to space along magnetic field lines. While the Earth's magnetic field is mostly the shape of a dipole, at high latitudes the field lines tend to be open and connect to interplanetary space. This area of open field line is called the polar cap, and it is highly dynamic. Through data analysis and computer simulations, we find that the shape of the polar cap is closely controlled by the magnetic field embedded in the solar wind.
Tomas Karlsson, Henriette Trollvik, Savvas Raptis, Hans Nilsson, and Hadi Madanian
Ann. Geophys., 40, 687–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-687-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-687-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetic holes are curious localized dropouts of magnetic field strength in the solar wind (the flow of ionized gas continuously streaming out from the sun). In this paper we show that these magnetic holes can cross the bow shock (where the solar wind brake down to subsonic velocity) and enter the region close to Earth’s magnetosphere. These structures may therefore represent a new type of non-uniform solar wind–magnetosphere interaction.
Invariability of relationship between the polar cap magnetic activity and geoeffective interplanetary electric fieldby Troshichev et al. (2011)
Peter Stauning
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-52, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-52, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In Troshichev et al. (2006) an error was made in the calculations of Polar Cap (PC) index scaling parameters. For the publication commented here, Troshichev et al. (2011), the authors state having used scaling parameters of the invalid PC index version but have actually substituted parameters from another version instead. The mingling of PC index versions has resulted in erroneous illustrations in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 and the issuing of non-substantiated statements.
Mirko Piersanti, Paola De Michelis, Dario Del Moro, Roberta Tozzi, Michael Pezzopane, Giuseppe Consolini, Maria Federica Marcucci, Monica Laurenza, Simone Di Matteo, Alessio Pignalberi, Virgilio Quattrociocchi, and Piero Diego
Ann. Geophys., 38, 703–724, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-703-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-703-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the solar event that occurred on 25 August 2018. This kind of comprehensive analysis plays a key role in better understanding the complexity of the processes occurring in the Sun–Earth system determining the geoeffectiveness of manifestations of solar activity. The analysis presented here shows for the first time a direct link between characteristics of solar perturbation, the magnetosphere–ionosphere system response and space weather effects.
Ying Zou, Brian M. Walsh, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Vassilis Angelopoulos, J. Michael Ruohoniemi, Kathryn A. McWilliams, and Nozomu Nishitani
Ann. Geophys., 37, 215–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-215-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-215-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetopause reconnection is a process whereby the Sun explosively transfers energy to the Earth. Whether the process is spatially patchy or spatially continuous and extended has been under long debate. We use space–ground coordination to overcome the limitations of previous studies and reliably interpret spatial extent. Our result strongly indicates that both patchy and extended reconnection is possible and, interestingly, that extended reconnection grows from a localized patch via spreading.
Nikolai Østgaard, Jone P. Reistad, Paul Tenfjord, Karl M. Laundal, Theresa Rexer, Stein E. Haaland, Kristian Snekvik, Michael Hesse, Stephen E. Milan, and Anders Ohma
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1577–1596, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1577-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1577-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we take advantage of having two auroral imaging missions giving simultaneous data of both the southern and northern aurora. Combined with all available in situ measurements from space and global ground-based networks, we explore the asymmetric behavior of geospace. We find large auroral asymmetries and different reconnection geometry in the two hemispheres. During substorm expansion phase asymmetries are reduced.
Jay R. Johnson, Simon Wing, and Enrico Camporeale
Ann. Geophys., 36, 945–952, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-945-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-945-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The magnetospheric response to the solar wind is nonlinear. Information theoretical tools are able to characterize the nonlinearities in the system. We show that nonlinear significance of Dst peaks at lags of 3–12 hours which can be attributed to VBs, which also exhibits similar behavior. However, the nonlinear significance that peaks at lags of 25, 50, and 90 hours can be attributed to internal dynamics, which may be related to the relaxation of the ring current.
Cited articles
Akasofu, S. I.: Energy coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere,
Space Sci. Rev., 28, 121–190, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00218810,
1981. a
Axford, W. I. and Hines, C. O.: A unifying theory of high-latitude geophysical
phenomena and geomagnetic storms, Can. J. Phys., 39,
1433–1464, https://doi.org/10.1139/p61-172, 1961. a
Birn, J., Drake, J. F., Shay, M. A., Rogers, B. N., Denton, R. E., Hesse, M.,
Kuznetsova, M., Ma, Z. W., Bhattacharjee, A., Otto, A., and Pritchett, P. L.:
Geospace Environmental Modeling (GEM) Magnetic Reconnection Challenge,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 106, 3715–3719,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA900449, 2001. a
Burlaga, L., Sittler, E., Mariani, F., and Schwenn, R.: Magnetic loop behind
an interplanetary shock: Voyager, Helios, and IMP 8 observations, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 86, 6673–6684,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA086iA08p06673, 1981. a, b, c
De Zeeuw, D. L., Sazykin, S., Wolf, R. A., Gombosi, T. I., Ridley, A. J., and
Tóth, G.: Coupling of a global MHD code and an inner magnetospheric
model: Initial results, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 109, a12219,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010366, 2004. a
Dungey, J. W.: Interplanetary Magnetic Field and the Auroral Zones, Phys. Rev.
Lett., 6, 47–48, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.47, 1961. a
Facskó, G., Honkonen, I., Živković, T., Palin, L., Kallio, E., Ågren, K.,
Opgenoorth, H., Tanskanen, E. I., and Milan, S.: One year in the Earth's
magnetosphere: A global MHD simulation and spacecraft measurements, Space
Weather, 14, 351–367, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015SW001355, 2016. a
Goldstein, R., Neugebauer, M., and Clay, D.: A statistical study of coronal
mass ejection plasma flows, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
103, 4761–4766, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA03663,
1998. a
Gordeev, E., Sergeev, V., Honkonen, I., Kuznetsova, M., Rastätter, L.,
Palmroth, M., Janhunen, P., Tóth, G., Lyon, J., and Wiltberger, M.:
Assessing the performance of community-available global MHD models using key
system parameters and empirical relationships, Space Weather, 13, 868–884,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015SW001307, 2015. a, b, c, d, e
Gosling, J. T.: Coronal Mass Ejections and Magnetic Flux Ropes in
Interplanetary Space, 343–364, American Geophysical Union (AGU),
https://doi.org/10.1029/GM058p0343,
1990. a, b
Gosling, J. T., Pizzo, V., and Bam, S. J.: Anomalously low proton temperatures
in the solar wind following interplanetary shock waves–evidence for
magnetic bottles?, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 2001–2009,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i013p02001,
1973. a
Gosling, J. T., McComas, D. J., Phillips, J. L., and Bame, S. J.: Geomagnetic
activity associated with earth passage of interplanetary shock disturbances
and coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
96, 7831–7839, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA00316,
1991. a
Hirshberg, J. and Colburn, D. S.: Interplanetary field and geomagnetic
variations – a unifield view, Planetary Space Science, 17, 1183–1206,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(69)90010-5, 1969. a
Hirshberg, J., Bame, S. J., and Robbins, D. E.: Solar flares and solar wind
helium enrichments: July 1965–July 1967, Solar Phys., 23, 467–486,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00148109,
1972. a
Honkonen, I., Rastätter, L., Grocott, A., Pulkkinen, A., Palmroth, M., Raeder,
J., Ridley, A. J., and Wiltberger, M.: On the performance of global
magnetohydrodynamic models in the Earth's magnetosphere, Space Weather, 11,
313–326, https://doi.org/10.1002/swe.20055, 2013. a
Huttunen, K. E. J. and Koskinen, H. E. J.: Importance of post-shock streams and sheath region as drivers of intense magnetospheric storms and high-latitude activity, Ann. Geophys., 22, 1729–1738, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1729-2004, 2004. a, b, c
Huttunen, K. E. J., Koskinen, H. E. J., and Schwenn, R.: Variability of
magnetospheric storms driven by different solar wind perturbations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 107, SMP 20-1–SMP 20-8, 2002. a
Janhunen, P.: GUMICS-3 A Global Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling Simulation
with High Ionospheric Resolution, in: Environment Modeling for Space-Based
Applications, edited by: Guyenne, T.-D. and Hilgers, A., Vol. 392 of ESA
Special Publication, 233 pp., 1996. a
Janhunen, P. and Huuskonen, A.: A numerical ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling
model with variable conductivities, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 98, 9519–9530, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA02973, 1993. a
Jianpeng, G., Xueshang, F., Jie, Z., Pingbing, Z., and Changqing, X.:
Statistical properties and geoefficiency of interplanetary coronal mass
ejections and their sheaths during intense geomagnetic storms, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A09107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015140,
2010. a
Lions, J. L. and Ciarlet, P. G.: Handbook of Numerical Analysis. Solution of Equations in Rn
(Part 3), Techniques of Scientific Computing (Part 3), Vol. 7,
North-Holland, 1st Edn., Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2000. a
Johnson, J. R. and Cheng, C. Z.: Kinetic Alfvén waves and plasma transport at
the magnetopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1423–1426,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL01333,
1997. a
Juusola, L., Facskó, G., Honkonen, I., Janhunen, P.,
Vanhamäki, H., Kauristie, K., Laitinen, T. V., Milan, S. E.,
Palmroth, M., Tanskanen, E. I., and Viljanen, A.: Statistical
comparison of seasonal variations in the GUMICS-4 global MHD model ionosphere
and measurements, Space Weather, 12, 582–600, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014SW001082,
2014. a
Kilpua, E., Isavnin, A., Vourlidas, A., Koskinen, H., and Rodriguez, L.: On the
relationship between interplanetary coronal mass ejections and magnetic
clouds, Living Rev. Sol. Phys., 31, 1251–1265, 2013. a
Kilpua, E., Koskinen, H. E. J., and Pulkkinen, T. I.: Coronal mass ejections
and their sheath regions in interplanetary space, Living Rev. Sol.
Phys., 14, 5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41116-017-0009-6,
2017a. a
Kilpua, E. K. J., Balogh, A., von Steiger, R., and Liu, Y. D.: Geoeffective
Properties of Solar Transients and Stream Interaction Regions, Space Sci.
Rev., 212, 1271–1314, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0411-3,
2017b. a, b, c, d
Koustov, A. V., Khachikjan, G. Ya., Makarevich, R. A., and Bryant, C.: On the SuperDARN cross polar cap potential saturation effect, Ann. Geophys., 27, 3755–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3755-2009, 2009. a
Kubota, Y., Nagatsuma, T., Den, M., Tanaka, T., and Fujita, S.: Polar cap
potential saturation during the Bastille Day storm event using global MHD
simulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 4398–4409,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023851, 2017. a
Kubyshkina, M., Sergeev, V. A., Tsyganenko, N. A., and Zheng, Y.: Testing
Efficiency of Empirical, Adaptive, and Global MHD Magnetospheric Models to
Represent the Geomagnetic Field in a Variety of Conditions, Space Weather,
17, 672–686, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019SW002157,
2019. a
Lakka, A., Pulkkinen, T. I., Dimmock, A. P., Osmane, A., Honkonen, I., Palmroth, M., and Janhunen, P.: The impact on global magnetohydrodynamic simulations from varying initialisation methods: results from GUMICS-4, Ann. Geophys., 35, 907–922, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, 2017. a, b, c, d
Lavraud, B. and Borovsky, J. E.: Altered solar wind-magnetosphere interaction
at low Mach numbers: Coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 113, a00B08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013192, 2008. a, b
Lyon, J. G., Fedder, J. A., and Mobarry, C. M.: The Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry
(LFM) global MHD magnetospheric simulation code, J. Atmos.
Sol.-Terr. Phy., 66, 1333–1350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.03.020,
2004. a
Myllys, M., Kilpua, E., Lavraud, B., and Pulkkinen, T. I.: Solar
wind-magnetosphere coupling efficiency during ejecta and sheath-driven
geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 4378–4396, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022407, 2016. a, b, c, d
Myllys, M., Kipua, E. K. J., and Lavraud, B.: Interplay of solar wind
parameters and physical mechanisms producing the saturation of the cross
polar cap potential, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 3019–3027,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072676,
2017. a
Newell, P. T., Sotirelis, T., Liou, K., and Rich, F. J.: Pairs of solar
wind-magnetosphere coupling functions: Combining a merging term with a
viscous term works best, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 113, a04218,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012825, 2008. a, b
Nishida, A.: Coherence of geomagnetic DP 2 fluctuations with interplanetary
magnetic variations, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 5549–5559,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA073i017p05549, 1968. a
Nykyri, K. and Otto, A.: Plasma transport at the magnetospheric boundary due to
reconnection in Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28,
3565–3568, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013239, 2001. a
Osmane, A., Dimmock, A., Naderpour, R., Pulkkinen, T., and Nykyri, K.: The
impact of solar wind ULF B-z fluctuations on geomagnetic activity for viscous
timescales during strongly northward and southward IMF, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 9307–9322,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021505, 2015. a
Palmroth, M., Pulkkinen, T. I., Janhunen, P., and Wu, C.-C.: Stormtime energy
transfer in global MHD simulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 108, 1048, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009446, 2003. a, b, c
Powell, K. G., Roe, P. L., Linde, T. J., Gombosi, T. I., and Zeeuw, D. L. D.: A
Solution-Adaptive Upwind Scheme for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics, J.
Comput. Phys., 154, 284–309,
https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1999.6299, 1999. a, b
Pulkkinen, A., Kuznetsova, M., Ridley, A., Raeder, J., Vapirev, A., Weimer, D.,
Weigel, R. S., Wiltberger, M., Millward, G., Rastätter, L., Hesse, M.,
Singer, H. J., and Chulaki, A.: Geospace Environment Modeling 2008–2009
Challenge: Ground magnetic field perturbations, Space Weather, 9, s02004,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010SW000600, 2011. a
Pulkkinen, T. I., Partamies, N., Huttunen, K. E. J., Reeves, G. D., and
Koskinen, H. E. J.: Differences in geomagnetic storms driven by magnetic
clouds and ICME sheath regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02105,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027775, 2007. a
Richardson, I. G. and Cane, H. V.: Identification of interplanetary coronal
mass ejections at 1 AU using multiple solar wind plasma composition
anomalies, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 109, A09104,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010598,
2003. a, b
Richardson, I. G. and Cane, H. V.: Solar wind drivers of geomagnetic storms
during more than four solar cycles, J. Space Weather Spac., 2, A01,
https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2012001, 2012. a
Ridley, A. J.: A new formulation for the ionospheric cross polar cap potential including saturation effects, Ann. Geophys., 23, 3533–3547, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-3533-2005, 2005. a
Ridley, A. J.: Alfvén wings at Earth's magnetosphere under strong interplanetary magnetic fields, Ann. Geophys., 25, 533–542, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-533-2007, 2007. a, b
Ridley, A. J. and Kihn, E. A.: Polar cap index comparisons with AMIE cross
polar cap potential, electric field, and polar cap area, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 31, L07801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019113,
2004. a, b
Ridley, A. J., De Zeeuw, D. L., and Rastätter, L.: Rating global magnetosphere
model simulations through statistical data-model comparisons, Space Weather,
14, 819–834, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016SW001465,
2016. a
Russell, C. T., Luhmann, J. G., and Lu, G.: Nonlinear response of the polar
ionosphere to large values of the interplanetary electric field, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 106, 18495–18504,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900053, 2001. a
Shepherd, S. G.: Polar cap potential saturation: Observations, theory, and
modeling, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 69, 234–248,
2007. a
Shue, J.-H., Song, P., Russell, C. T., Steinberg, J. T., Chao, J. K., Kokubun,
S., Singer, H. J., Detman, T. R., Zastenker, G., Vaisberg, O. L., and Kawano,
H.: Magnetopause location under extreme solar wind conditions, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 103, 17691–17700,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98JA01103,
1998.
a, b
Siscoe, G. L., Lotko, W., and Sonnerup, B. U.: A high-latitude,
low-latitude boundary layer model of the convection current system, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 96, 3487–3495, 1991. a
Tanaka, T.: Finite Volume TVD Scheme on an Unstructured Grid System for
Three-Dimensional MHD Simulation of Inhomogeneous Systems Including Strong
Background Potential Fields, J. Comput. Phys., 111, 381–389, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1994.1071,
1994. a, b
Tsurutani, B. T., Gonzalez, W. D., Tang, F., Akasofu, S. I., and Smith, E. J.:
Origin of interplanetary southward magnetic fields responsible for major
magnetic storms near solar maximum (1978–1979), J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 93, 8519–8531, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA08p08519,
1988. a
Tsyganenko, N. A. and Sitnov, M. I.: Modeling the dynamics of the inner
magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 110, A03208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010798,
2005. a
Wilder, F. D., Clauer, C. R., Baker, J. B. H., Cousins, E. P., and Hairston,
M. R.: The nonlinear response of the polar cap potential under southward IMF:
A statistical view, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 116, a12229,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016924, 2011. a
Wilder, F. D., Eriksson, S., and Wiltberger, M.: The role of magnetic flux tube
deformation and magnetosheath plasma beta in the saturation of the Region 1
field-aligned current system, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
120, 2036–2051, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020533, 2015. a, b
Wu, C.-C., Fry, C. D., Wu, S. T., Dryer, M., and Liou, K.: Three-dimensional
global simulation of interplanetary coronal mass ejection propagation from
the Sun to the heliosphere: Solar event of 12 May 1997, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 112, A09104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012211,
2007. a
Wu, C.-C., Liou, K., Vourlidas, A., Plunkett, S., Dryer, M., Wu, S. T., and
Mewaldt, R. A.: Global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the 15 March 2013
coronal mass ejection event—Interpretation of the 30–80 MeV proton
flux, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 56–76,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021051,
2015. a
Yermolaev, Y. I., Nikolaeva, N. S., Lodkina, I. G., and Yermolaev, M. Y.:
Geoeffectiveness and efficiency of CIR, sheath, and ICME in generation of
magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 117, A00L07,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017139, 2012. a
Zhang, J., Poomvises, W., and Richardson, I. G.: Sizes and relative
geoeffectiveness of interplanetary coronal mass ejections and the preceding
shock sheaths during intense storms in 1996–2005, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 35, L02109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032045,
2012. a
Short summary
We study how the Earth's space environment responds to two different amplitude interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) events that occurred in 2012 and 2014 by using the GUMICS-4 global MHD model. We examine local and large-scale dynamics of the Earth's space environment and compare simulation results to in situ data. It is shown that during moderate driving simulation agrees well with the measurements; however, GMHD results should be interpreted cautiously during strong driving.
We study how the Earth's space environment responds to two different amplitude interplanetary...
