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A new criterion is developed to determine Es, that is when the mean value of the absolute value of the difference between the normalized CNR is greater than 3 times of the standard deviation. The statistics show that Es have strong seasonal variations with highest occurrence rates in summer season at middle latitudes, mainly locating at 90–110 km, at 15:00–18:00 LT. The comparison of Es altitudes from RO profiles with ionosonde revealed a large correspondence between both measurement techniques.

We report that the ionospheric plasma flow patterns associated with the “J”-shaped Transpolar Arc (a type of nightside distorted TPA), detected by the SuperDARN radar, reveal the formation process of the nightside distortion of a TPA. Equatorward flows at the TPA growth point were observed flowing out of the polar cap and then turning toward the pre-midnight main auroral oval along the TPA nightside distortion. These ionospheric flow patterns would cause the distortion at the TPA nightside end.

Despite the solar wind being turbulent in nature, numerical models of its interaction with obstacles have until now assumed it to be laminar. The code Menura allows for the global simulation of the interaction between a fully turbulent solar wind and various bodies of the solar system. The code is illustrated by a first example: the interaction between a turbulent solar wind and a comet.

This paper brings analysis of spread-F echoes along the years of 2003 to 2012 from Christmas Island radar. We organize our data with the objective to observe the peak time and altitude distribution. Our results indicate peak time occurrence of echoes shows to be distributed closer to local sunset during solar maximum and around midnight during solar minimum, meanwhile, the peak altitude echoes show higher altitude occurrences during solar maxima and lower altitudes during solar minimum.

We investigated the possible widening of the tropical belt along with the probable drivers and impacts based on high accuracy, high resolution GNSS RO data (2001–2020). The results show that the tropical belt has significant expansion in Northern hemisphere while the Southern hemisphere has no significant expansion.

The HiBAR rocket launched January 28, 2003 into the night-side aurora in order to measure high frequency radio waves with both parallel and perpendicular antennae. The rocket encountered several short high-frequency radio wave bursts with a secondary wave associated with them, believed to be a product of a nonlinear wave-wave interaction of the initial wave with observed lower frequency waves. Nonlinear waves are not often observed, and their dynamics are of significant interest.

Magnetospheric physics is at an extremely vibrant phase with a number of ongoing and highly-successful missions, e.g. Cluster, THEMIS, Van Allen Probes, and MMS spacecraft, providing the most amazing observations and data sets. Since there are many fundamental and unsolved problems, in this paper I have addressed selected topics of ULF wave - charged particle interactions, which encompass many special fields of radiation belt, ring current and plasmaspheric physics.