Articles | Volume 42, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-145-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-145-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
16 May 2024
Regular paper |
| 16 May 2024
| 16 May 2024
Finding reconnection lines and flux rope axes via local coordinates in global ion-kinetic magnetospheric simulations
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Giulia Cozzani
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Ivan Zaitsev
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Fasil Tesema Kebede
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Urs Ganse
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Markus Battarbee
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Maarja Bussov
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Maxime Dubart
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Sanni Hoilijoki
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Leo Kotipalo
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Konstantinos Papadakis
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Yann Pfau-Kempf
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Jonas Suni
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Vertti Tarvus
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Abiyot Workayehu
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Hongyang Zhou
Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Minna Palmroth
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Related authors
Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Hongyang Zhou, Liisa Juusola, Abiyot Workayehu, Fasil Kebede, Konstantinos Papadakis, Maxime Grandin, Markku Alho, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Leo Kotipalo, Arnaud Lalagüe, Jonas Suni, Konstantinos Horaites, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-101, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a kinetic space-plasma model that simulates the behaviour of plasma, solar wind and magnetic fields in near-Earth space. So far, these simulations had been run without any interaction wtih the ionosphere, the uppermost layer of Earth's atmosphere. In this manuscript, we present the new methods that add an ionospheric electrodynamics model to Vlasiator, coupling it with the existing methods and presenting new simulation results of how space Plasma and Earth's ionosphere interact.
Tuomas Häkkilä, Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Monika E. Szeląg, Markku Alho, Leo Kotipalo, Niilo Kalakoski, Pekka T. Verronen, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7, 2024
Preprint under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
We study the atmospheric impact of auroral electron precipitation, by the novel combination of both magnetospheric and atmospheric modelling. We first simulate fluxes of auroral electrons, and then use these fluxes to model their atmospheric impact. We find an increase of up to 200 % in thermospheric odd nitrogen, and a corresponding decrease in stratospheric ozone of around 0.7 %. The produced auroral electron precipitation is realistic, and shows the potential for future studies.
Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Markku Alho, Maxime Grandin, Maxime Dubart, Lucile Turc, Hongyang Zhou, Konstantinos Horaites, Ivan Zaitsev, Giulia Cozzani, Maarja Bussov, Evgeny Gordeev, Fasil Tesema, Harriet George, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7903–7912, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a plasma simulation code that simulates the entire near-Earth space at a global scale. As 6D simulations require enormous amounts of computational resources, Vlasiator uses adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to lighten the computational burden. However, due to Vlasiator’s grid topology, AMR simulations suffer from grid aliasing artifacts that affect the global results. In this work, we present and evaluate the performance of a mechanism for alleviating those artifacts.
Vertti Tarvus, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Jonas Suni, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markku Alho, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Andreas Johlander, Konstantinos Papadakis, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use simulations of Earth's magnetosphere and study the formation of transient wave structures in the region where the solar wind first interacts with the magnetosphere. These transients move earthward and play a part in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction. We show that the transients are a common feature and their properties are altered as they move earthward, including an increase in temperature, decrease in solar wind speed and an alteration in their propagation properties.
Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Markku Alho, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Grandin, Urs Ganse, Konstantinos Papadakis, Andreas Johlander, Lucile Turc, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate local acceleration dynamics of electrons with a new numerical simulation method, which is an extension of a world-leading kinetic plasma simulation. We describe how large supercomputer simulations can be used to initialize the electron simulations and show numerical stability for the electron method. We show that features of our simulated electrons match observations from Earth's magnetic tail region.
Markus Battarbee, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Lucile Turc, Primož Kajdič, Andreas Johlander, Vertti Tarvus, Stephen Fuselier, Karlheinz Trattner, Markku Alho, Thiago Brito, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Tomas Karlsson, Savvas Raptis, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Jonas Suni, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1081–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamics of helium in the foreshock, a part of near-Earth space found upstream of the Earth's bow shock. We show how the second most common ion in interplanetary space reacts strongly to plasma waves found in the foreshock. Spacecraft observations and supercomputer simulations both give us a new understanding of the foreshock edge and how to interpret future observations.
Leo Kotipalo, Markus Battarbee, Yann Pfau-Kempf, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6401–6413, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines a method called adaptive mesh refinement in optimization of the space plasma simulation model Vlasiator. The method locally adjusts resolution in regions which are most relevant to modelling, based on the properties of the plasma. The runs testing this method show that adaptive refinement manages to highlight the desired regions with manageable performance overhead. Performance in larger-scale production runs and mitigation of overhead are avenues of further research.
Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Hongyang Zhou, Liisa Juusola, Abiyot Workayehu, Fasil Kebede, Konstantinos Papadakis, Maxime Grandin, Markku Alho, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Leo Kotipalo, Arnaud Lalagüe, Jonas Suni, Konstantinos Horaites, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-101, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a kinetic space-plasma model that simulates the behaviour of plasma, solar wind and magnetic fields in near-Earth space. So far, these simulations had been run without any interaction wtih the ionosphere, the uppermost layer of Earth's atmosphere. In this manuscript, we present the new methods that add an ionospheric electrodynamics model to Vlasiator, coupling it with the existing methods and presenting new simulation results of how space Plasma and Earth's ionosphere interact.
Tuomas Häkkilä, Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Monika E. Szeląg, Markku Alho, Leo Kotipalo, Niilo Kalakoski, Pekka T. Verronen, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7, 2024
Preprint under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
We study the atmospheric impact of auroral electron precipitation, by the novel combination of both magnetospheric and atmospheric modelling. We first simulate fluxes of auroral electrons, and then use these fluxes to model their atmospheric impact. We find an increase of up to 200 % in thermospheric odd nitrogen, and a corresponding decrease in stratospheric ozone of around 0.7 %. The produced auroral electron precipitation is realistic, and shows the potential for future studies.
Sanni Hoilijoki, Emilia Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Lucile Turc, Mikko Savola, Veera Lipsanen, Harriet George, and Milla Kalliokoski
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-3, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-3, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
Structures originating from the Sun, such as coronal mass ejections and high-speed streams, may impact the Earth's magnetosphere differently. The occurrence rate of these structures depends on the phase solar cycle. We use mutual information to study the change in the statistical dependence between solar wind and inner magnetosphere. We find that the non-linearity between solar wind and inner magnetosphere varies over the solar cycle and during different solar wind drivers.
Jonas Suni, Minna Palmroth, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Giulia Cozzani, Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Harriet George, Evgeny Gordeev, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Vertti Tarvus, Fasil Tesema, and Hongyang Zhou
Ann. Geophys., 41, 551–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are structures of enhanced plasma density and/or velocity in a region of near-Earth space known as the magnetosheath. When they propagate towards the Earth, these jets can disturb the Earth's magnetic field and cause hazards for satellites. In this study, we use a simulation called Vlasiator to model near-Earth space and investigate jets using case studies and statistical analysis. We find that jets that propagate towards the Earth are different from jets that do not.
Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Markku Alho, Maxime Grandin, Maxime Dubart, Lucile Turc, Hongyang Zhou, Konstantinos Horaites, Ivan Zaitsev, Giulia Cozzani, Maarja Bussov, Evgeny Gordeev, Fasil Tesema, Harriet George, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7903–7912, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a plasma simulation code that simulates the entire near-Earth space at a global scale. As 6D simulations require enormous amounts of computational resources, Vlasiator uses adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to lighten the computational burden. However, due to Vlasiator’s grid topology, AMR simulations suffer from grid aliasing artifacts that affect the global results. In this work, we present and evaluate the performance of a mechanism for alleviating those artifacts.
Fasil Tesema, Noora Partamies, Daniel K. Whiter, and Yasunobu Ogawa
Ann. Geophys., 40, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present the comparison between an auroral model and EISCAT radar electron densities during pulsating aurorae. We test whether an overpassing satellite measurement of the average energy spectrum is a reasonable estimate for pulsating aurora electron precipitation. When patchy pulsating aurora is dominant in the morning sector, the overpass-averaged spectrum is found to be a reasonable estimate – but not when there is a mix of pulsating aurora types in the post-midnight sector.
Vertti Tarvus, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Jonas Suni, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markku Alho, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Andreas Johlander, Konstantinos Papadakis, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use simulations of Earth's magnetosphere and study the formation of transient wave structures in the region where the solar wind first interacts with the magnetosphere. These transients move earthward and play a part in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction. We show that the transients are a common feature and their properties are altered as they move earthward, including an increase in temperature, decrease in solar wind speed and an alteration in their propagation properties.
Andrei Runov, Maxime Grandin, Minna Palmroth, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Heli Hietala, Sanni Hoilijoki, Emilia Kilpua, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Sergio Toledo-Redondo, Lucile Turc, and Drew Turner
Ann. Geophys., 39, 599–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In collisionless systems like space plasma, particle velocity distributions contain fingerprints of ongoing physical processes. However, it is challenging to decode this information from observations. We used hybrid-Vlasov simulations to obtain ion velocity distribution functions at different locations and at different stages of the Earth's magnetosphere dynamics. The obtained distributions provide valuable examples that may be directly compared with observations by satellites in space.
Minna Palmroth, Savvas Raptis, Jonas Suni, Tomas Karlsson, Lucile Turc, Andreas Johlander, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Vertti Tarvus, and Adnane Osmane
Ann. Geophys., 39, 289–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity features within the Earth's turbulent magnetosheath, separating the Earth's magnetic domain from the solar wind. The characteristics of the jets are difficult to assess statistically as a function of their lifetime because normally spacecraft observe them only at one position within the magnetosheath. This study first confirms the accuracy of the model used, Vlasiator, by comparing it to MMS spacecraft, and then carries out the first jet lifetime statistics.
Minna Palmroth, Maxime Grandin, Theodoros Sarris, Eelco Doornbos, Stelios Tourgaidis, Anita Aikio, Stephan Buchert, Mark A. Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Roderick Heelis, Alex Hoffmann, Nickolay Ivchenko, Guram Kervalishvili, David J. Knudsen, Anna Kotova, Han-Li Liu, David M. Malaspina, Günther March, Aurélie Marchaudon, Octav Marghitu, Tomoko Matsuo, Wojciech J. Miloch, Therese Moretto-Jørgensen, Dimitris Mpaloukidis, Nils Olsen, Konstantinos Papadakis, Robert Pfaff, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Christian Siemes, Claudia Stolle, Jonas Suni, Jose van den IJssel, Pekka T. Verronen, Pieter Visser, and Masatoshi Yamauchi
Ann. Geophys., 39, 189–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) in terms of measurements and modelling. The LTI is the transition region between space and the atmosphere and as such of tremendous importance to both the domains of space and atmosphere. The paper also serves as the background for European Space Agency Earth Explorer 10 candidate mission Daedalus.
Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Markku Alho, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Grandin, Urs Ganse, Konstantinos Papadakis, Andreas Johlander, Lucile Turc, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate local acceleration dynamics of electrons with a new numerical simulation method, which is an extension of a world-leading kinetic plasma simulation. We describe how large supercomputer simulations can be used to initialize the electron simulations and show numerical stability for the electron method. We show that features of our simulated electrons match observations from Earth's magnetic tail region.
Noora Partamies, Fasil Tesema, Emma Bland, Erkka Heino, Hilde Nesse Tyssøy, and Erlend Kallelid
Ann. Geophys., 39, 69–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-69-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-69-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
About 200 nights of substorm activity have been analysed for their magnetic disturbance magnitude and the level of cosmic radio noise absorption. We show that substorms with a single expansion phase have limited lifetimes and spatial extents. Starting from magnetically quiet conditions, the strongest absorption occurs after 1 to 2 nights of substorm activity. This prolonged activity is thus required to accelerate particles to energies, which may affect the atmospheric chemistry.
Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Adnane Osmane, Andreas Johlander, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Plasma waves are ubiquitous in the Earth's magnetosphere. They are responsible for many energetic processes happening in Earth's atmosphere, such as auroras. In order to understand these processes, thorough investigations of these waves are needed. We use a state-of-the-art numerical model to do so. Here we investigate the impact of different spatial resolutions in the model on these waves in order to improve in the future the model without wasting computational resources.
Fasil Tesema, Noora Partamies, Hilde Nesse Tyssøy, and Derek McKay
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1191–1202, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1191-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1191-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present the ionization level from EISCAT radar experiments and cosmic noise absorption level
from KAIRA riometer observations during pulsating auroras. We found thick layers of ionization that reach down
to 70 km (harder precipitation) and higher cosmic noise absorption during patchy pulsating aurora than
during amorphous pulsating and patchy auroras.
Markus Battarbee, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Lucile Turc, Primož Kajdič, Andreas Johlander, Vertti Tarvus, Stephen Fuselier, Karlheinz Trattner, Markku Alho, Thiago Brito, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Tomas Karlsson, Savvas Raptis, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Jonas Suni, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1081–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamics of helium in the foreshock, a part of near-Earth space found upstream of the Earth's bow shock. We show how the second most common ion in interplanetary space reacts strongly to plasma waves found in the foreshock. Spacecraft observations and supercomputer simulations both give us a new understanding of the foreshock edge and how to interpret future observations.
Lucile Turc, Vertti Tarvus, Andrew P. Dimmock, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Andreas Johlander, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1045–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using global computer simulations, we study properties of the magnetosheath, the region of near-Earth space where the stream of particles originating from the Sun, the solar wind, is slowed down and deflected around the Earth's magnetic field. One of our main findings is that even for idealised solar wind conditions as used in our model, the magnetosheath density shows large-scale spatial and temporal variation in the so-called quasi-parallel magnetosheath, causing varying levels of asymmetry.
Harriet George, Emilia Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Timo Asikainen, Milla M. H. Kalliokoski, Craig J. Rodger, Stepan Dubyagin, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 931–951, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We compared trapped outer radiation belt electron fluxes to high-latitude precipitating electron fluxes during two interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) with opposite magnetic cloud rotation. The electron response had many similarities and differences between the two events, indicating that different acceleration mechanisms acted. Van Allen Probe data were used for trapped electron flux measurements, and Polar Operational Environmental Satellites were used for precipitating flux data.
Milla M. H. Kalliokoski, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Drew L. Turner, Allison N. Jaynes, Lucile Turc, Harriet George, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 683–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-683-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-683-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive statistical study of the response of the Earth's space environment in sheath regions prior to interplanetary coronal mass ejections. The inner magnetospheric wave activity is enhanced in sheath regions, and the sheaths cause significant changes to the outer radiation belt electron fluxes over short timescales. We also show that non-geoeffective sheaths can result in a significant response.
Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, Thiago Brito, Maxime Grandin, Tuomas Koskela, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 625–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-625-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-625-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The structure and medium-scale dynamics of Earth's bow shock and how charged solar wind particles are reflected by it are studied in order to better understand space weather effects. We use advanced supercomputer simulations to model the shock and reflected ions. We find that the thickness of the shock depends on solar wind conditions but also has small-scale variations. Charged particle reflection is shown to be non-localized. Magnetic fields are important for ion reflection.
Theodoros E. Sarris, Elsayed R. Talaat, Minna Palmroth, Iannis Dandouras, Errico Armandillo, Guram Kervalishvili, Stephan Buchert, Stylianos Tourgaidis, David M. Malaspina, Allison N. Jaynes, Nikolaos Paschalidis, John Sample, Jasper Halekas, Eelco Doornbos, Vaios Lappas, Therese Moretto Jørgensen, Claudia Stolle, Mark Clilverd, Qian Wu, Ingmar Sandberg, Panagiotis Pirnaris, and Anita Aikio
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 153–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-153-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-153-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Daedalus aims to measure the largely unexplored area between Eart's atmosphere and space, the Earth's
ignorosphere. Here, intriguing and complex processes govern the deposition and transport of energy. The aim is to quantify this energy by measuring effects caused by electrodynamic processes in this region. The concept is based on a mother satellite that carries a suite of instruments, along with smaller satellites carrying a subset of instruments that are released into the atmosphere.
Emilia Kilpua, Liisa Juusola, Maxime Grandin, Antti Kero, Stepan Dubyagin, Noora Partamies, Adnane Osmane, Harriet George, Milla Kalliokoski, Tero Raita, Timo Asikainen, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 557–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-557-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-557-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coronal mass ejection sheaths and ejecta are key drivers of significant space weather storms, and they cause dramatic changes in radiation belt electron fluxes. Differences in precipitation of high-energy electrons from the belts to the upper atmosphere are thus expected. We investigate here differences in sheath- and ejecta-induced precipitation using the Finnish riometer (relative ionospheric opacity meter) chain.
Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Adnane Osmane, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, Thiago Brito, Tuomas Koskela, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 37, 791–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
When the terrestrial magnetic field is disturbed, particles from the near-Earth space can precipitate into the upper atmosphere. This work presents, for the first time, numerical simulations of proton precipitation in the energy range associated with the production of aurora (∼1–30 keV) using a global kinetic model of the near-Earth space: Vlasiator. We find that nightside proton precipitation can be regulated by the transition region between stretched and dipolar geomagnetic field lines.
Antti Lakka, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Andrew P. Dimmock, Emilia Kilpua, Matti Ala-Lahti, Ilja Honkonen, Minna Palmroth, and Osku Raukunen
Ann. Geophys., 37, 561–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-561-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-561-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We study how the Earth's space environment responds to two different amplitude interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) events that occurred in 2012 and 2014 by using the GUMICS-4 global MHD model. We examine local and large-scale dynamics of the Earth's space environment and compare simulation results to in situ data. It is shown that during moderate driving simulation agrees well with the measurements; however, GMHD results should be interpreted cautiously during strong driving.
Liisa Juusola, Sanni Hoilijoki, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Riku Jarvinen, Markus Battarbee, Emilia Kilpua, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1183–1199, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field, forming a magnetosphere. On the night side solar wind stretches the magnetosphere into a long tail. A process called magnetic reconnection opens the magnetic field lines and reconnects them, accelerating particles to high energies. We study this in the magnetotail using a numerical simulation model of the Earth’s magnetosphere. We study the motion of the points where field lines reconnect and the fast flows driven by this process.
Minna Palmroth, Heli Hietala, Ferdinand Plaschke, Martin Archer, Tomas Karlsson, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, David Sibeck, Primož Kajdič, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markus Battarbee, and Lucile Turc
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1171–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity plasma structures that are commonly observed within the Earth's magnetosheath. Previously, they have mainly been investigated with spacecraft observations, which do not allow us to infer their spatial sizes, temporal evolution, or origin. This paper shows for the first time their dimensions, evolution, and origins within a simulation whose dimensions are directly comparable to the Earth's magnetosphere. The results are compared to previous observations.
Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Markus Battarbee, Lucile Turc, Andrew P. Dimmock, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, David G. Sibeck, Paul A. Cassak, Robert C. Fear, Riku Jarvinen, Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Rami Vainio, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1081–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use the Vlasiator code to study the characteristics of transient structures that exist in the Earth's foreshock, i.e. upstream of the bow shock. The structures are cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs). These transients can interact with the bow shock. We study the changes the shock suffers via this interaction. We also investigate ion distributions associated with the cavitons and SHFAs. A very important result is that the arrival of multiple SHFAs results in shock erosion.
Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Maxime Grandin, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1027–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's magnetic field is shaped by the solar wind. On the dayside the field is compressed and on the nightside it is stretched as a long tail. The tail has been observed to occasionally undergo flapping motions, but the origin of these motions is not understood. We study the flapping using a numerical simulation of the near-Earth space. We present a possible explanation for how the flapping could be initiated by a passing disturbance and then maintained as a standing wave.
Rafael L. A. Mesquita, John W. Meriwether, Jonathan J. Makela, Daniel J. Fisher, Brian J. Harding, Samuel C. Sanders, Fasil Tesema, and Aaron J. Ridley
Ann. Geophys., 36, 541–553, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-541-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-541-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The midnight temperature maximum (MTM) is a phenomenon resulting from the constructive interference of the atmospheric tides. This paper brings the analysis of a long data set (846 nights) from the NATION network along with new analysis techniques (harmonic background removal and 2-D temperature interpolation) to detect the MTM in the mid-latitude range.
Minna Palmroth, Sanni Hoilijoki, Liisa Juusola, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Heli Hietala, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Sebastian von Alfthan, Rami Vainio, and Michael Hesse
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1269–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1269-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1269-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Much like solar flares, substorms occurring within the Earth's magnetic domain are explosive events that cause vivid auroral displays. A decades-long debate exists to explain the substorm onset. We devise a simulation encompassing the entire near-Earth space and demonstrate that detailed modelling of magnetic reconnection explains the central substorm observations. Our results help to understand the unpredictable substorm process, which will significantly improve space weather forecasts.
Antti Lakka, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Andrew P. Dimmock, Adnane Osmane, Ilja Honkonen, Minna Palmroth, and Pekka Janhunen
Ann. Geophys., 35, 907–922, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the impact on global MHD simulations from different simulation initialisation methods. While the global MHD code used is GUMICS-4 we conclude that the results might be generalisable to other codes as well. It is found that different initialisation methods affect the dynamics of the Earth's space environment by creating differences in momentum transport several hours afterwards. These differences may even grow as a response to rapid solar wind condition changes.
Fasil Tesema, Rafael Mesquita, John Meriwether, Baylie Damtie, Melessew Nigussie, Jonathan Makela, Daniel Fisher, Brian Harding, Endawoke Yizengaw, and Samuel Sanders
Ann. Geophys., 35, 333–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-333-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-333-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of equatorial thermospheric winds obtained from an optical instrument called a Fabry–Perot interferometer in Ethiopia show a significance difference as compared with other longitudinal sectors. The zonal wind in this sector is small and shows a gradual decrease through out the night. Application of climatological wind and temperature models shows good agreement with the observations over Ethiopia.
Yann Pfau-Kempf, Heli Hietala, Steve E. Milan, Liisa Juusola, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, Sebastian von Alfthan, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 34, 943–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-943-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-943-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We have simulated the interaction of the solar wind – the charged particles and magnetic fields emitted by the Sun into space – with the magnetic field of the Earth. The solar wind flows supersonically and creates a shock when it encounters the obstacle formed by the geomagnetic field. We have identified a new chain of events which causes phenomena in the downstream region to eventually cause perturbations at the shock and even upstream. This is confirmed by ground and satellite observations.
P. T. Verronen, M. E. Andersson, A. Kero, C.-F. Enell, J. M. Wissing, E. R. Talaat, K. Kauristie, M. Palmroth, T. E. Sarris, and E. Armandillo
Ann. Geophys., 33, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Electron concentrations observed by EISCAT radars can be reasonable well represented using AIMOS v1.2 satellite-data-based ionization model and SIC D-region ion chemistry model. SIC-EISCAT difference varies from event to event, probably because the statistical nature of AIMOS ionization is not capturing all the spatio-temporal fine structure of electron precipitation. Below 90km, AIMOS overestimates electron ionization because of proton contamination of the satellite electron detectors.
D. Pokhotelov, S. von Alfthan, Y. Kempf, R. Vainio, H. E. J. Koskinen, and M. Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 31, 2207–2212, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2207-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2207-2013, 2013
A. T. Aikio, T. Pitkänen, I. Honkonen, M. Palmroth, and O. Amm
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1021–1034, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1021-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1021-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Magnetosphere & space plasma physics | Keywords: Magnetic reconnection
A new method to identify flux ropes in space plasmas
Shiyong Huang, Pufan Zhao, Jiansen He, Zhigang Yuan, Meng Zhou, Huishan Fu, Xiaohua Deng, Ye Pang, Dedong Wang, Xiongdong Yu, Haimeng Li, Roy Torbert, and James Burch
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1275–1283, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1275-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1275-2018, 2018
Cited articles
Battarbee, M., Hannuksela, O. A., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Alfthan, S. V., Ganse, U., Jarvinen, R., Leo, Suni, J., Alho, M., Turc., L., Honkonen, I., Brito, T., and Grandin, M.: Fmihpc/Analysator: V0.9, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4462514, 2021. a
Bouri, I., Franssila, F., Alho, M., Cozzani, G., Zaitsev, I., Palmroth, M., and Roos, T.: Graph Representation of the Magnetic Field Topology in High-Fidelity Plasma Simulations for Machine Learning Applications, ICML 2023 Workshop on Machine Learning for Astrophysics, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.09469, 2023. a
Bujack, R., Tsai, K., Morley, S. K., and Bresciani, E.: Open Source Vector Field Topology, SoftwareX, 15, 100787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2021.100787, 2021. a
Bussov, M. and Nättilä, J.: Segmentation of Turbulent Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations with Unsupervised Ensemble Learning, Signal Processing: Image Communication, 99, 116450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2021.116450, 2021. a
Childs, H., Brugger, E., Whitlock, B., Meredith, J., Ahern, S., Pugmire, D., Biagas, K., Miller, M., Harrison, C., Weber, G. H., Krishnan, H., Fogal, T., Sanderson, A., Garth, C., Bethel, E. W., Camp, D., Rübel, O., Durant, M., Favre, J. M., and Navrátil, P.: VisIt: An End-User Tool For Visualizing and Analyzing Very Large Data, in: High Performance Visualization–Enabling Extreme-Scale Scientific Insight, Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York, https://doi.org/10.1201/b12985, pp. 357–372, 2012. a, b
Crameri, F.: Scientific Colour Maps, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1243862, 2021. a
Denton, R. E., Sonnerup, B. U. Ö., Birn, J., Teh, W.-L., Drake, J. F., Swisdak, M., Hesse, M., and Baumjohann, W.: Test of Methods to Infer the Magnetic Reconnection Geometry from Spacecraft Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A10242, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015420, 2010. a, b
Dorelli, J. C. and Bhattacharjee, A.: On the Generation and Topology of Flux Transfer Events, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 114, A06213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013410, 2009. a
Eggington, J. W. B., Desai, R. T., Mejnertsen, L., Chittenden, J. P., and Eastwood, J. P.: Time-Varying Magnetopause Reconnection During Sudden Commencement: Global MHD Simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 127, e2021JA030006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA030006, 2022. a
Fu, H. S., Vaivads, A., Khotyaintsev, Y. V., Olshevsky, V., André, M., Cao, J. B., Huang, S. Y., Retinò, A., and Lapenta, G.: How to Find Magnetic Nulls and Reconstruct Field Topology with MMS Data?, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 3758–3782, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021082, 2015. a
Ganse, U., Koskela, T., Battarbee, M., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Papadakis, K., Alho, M., Bussov, M., Cozzani, G., Dubart, M., George, H., Gordeev, E., Grandin, M., Horaites, K., Suni, J., Tarvus, V., Kebede, F. T., Turc, L., Zhou, H., and Palmroth, M.: Enabling Technology for Global 3D + 3V Hybrid-Vlasov Simulations of near-Earth Space, Phys. Plasmas, 30, 042902, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0134387, 2023. a
Genestreti, K. J., Nakamura, T. K. M., Nakamura, R., Denton, R. E., Torbert, R. B., Burch, J. L., Plaschke, F., Fuselier, S. A., Ergun, R. E., Giles, B. L., and Russell, C. T.: How Accurately Can We Measure the Reconnection Rate EM for the MMS Diffusion Region Event of 11 July 2017?, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 9130–9149, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025711, 2018. a, b
Glocer, A., Dorelli, J., Toth, G., Komar, C. M., and Cassak, P. A.: Separator Reconnection at the Magnetopause for Predominantly Northward and Southward IMF: Techniques and Results, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 140–156, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021417, 2016. a
Gosling, J. T. and Phan, T. D.: MAGNETIC RECONNECTION IN THE SOLAR WIND AT CURRENT SHEETS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTREMELY SMALL FIELD SHEAR ANGLES, Astrophys. J., 763, L39, https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L39, 2013. a
Grandin, M., Luttikhuis, T., Battarbee, M., Cozzani, G., Zhou, H., Turc, L., Pfau-Kempf, Y., George, H., Horaites, K., Gordeev, E., Ganse, U., Papadakis, K., Alho, M., Tesema, F., Suni, J., Dubart, M., Tarvus, V., and Palmroth, M.: First 3D Hybrid-Vlasov Global Simulation of Auroral Proton Precipitation and Comparison with Satellite Observations, J. Space Weather Spac., 13, 20, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2023017, 2023. a
Greene, J. M.: Geometrical Properties of Three-Dimensional Reconnecting Magnetic Fields with Nulls, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8583, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA08p08583, 1988. a
Harris, E. G.: On a Plasma Sheath Separating Regions of Oppositely Directed Magnetic Field, Nuovo Cimento (1955–1965), 23, 115–121, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02733547, 1962. a
Haynes, A. L. and Parnell, C. E.: A Trilinear Method for Finding Null Points in a Three-Dimensional Vector Space, Phys. Plasmas, 14, 082107, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2756751, 2007. a
Haynes, A. L. and Parnell, C. E.: A Method for Finding Three-Dimensional Magnetic Skeletons, Phys. Plasmas, 17, 092903, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3467499, 2010. a, b, c
Hietala, H., Phan, T. D., Angelopoulos, V., Oieroset, M., Archer, M. O., Karlsson, T., and Plaschke, F.: In Situ Observations of a Magnetosheath High-Speed Jet Triggering Magnetopause Reconnection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 1732–1740, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076525, 2018. a
Hoilijoki, S., Ganse, U., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Cassak, P. A., Walsh, B. M., Hietala, H., von Alfthan, S., and Palmroth, M.: Reconnection Rates and X Line Motion at the Magnetopause: Global 2D-3V Hybrid-Vlasov Simulation Results, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 2877–2888, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023709, 2017. a, b
Hoilijoki, S., Ganse, U., Sibeck, D. G., Cassak, P. A., Turc, L., Battarbee, M., Fear, R. C., Blanco-Cano, X., Dimmock, A. P., Kilpua, E. K. J., Jarvinen, R., Juusola, L., Pfau-Kempf, Y., and Palmroth, M.: Properties of Magnetic Reconnection and FTEs on the Dayside Magnetopause With and Without Positive IMF Bx Component During Southward IMF, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 4037–4048, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026821, 2019. a
Horaites, K., Rintamäki, E., Zaitsev, I., Turc, L., Grandin, M., Cozzani, G., Zhou, H., Alho, M., Suni, J., Kebede, F., Gordeev, E., George, H., Battarbee, M., Bussov, M., Dubart, M., Ganse, U., Papadakis, K., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Tarvus, V., and Palmroth, M.: Magnetospheric Response to a Pressure Pulse in a Three-Dimensional Hybrid-Vlasov Simulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 128, e2023JA031374, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA031374, 2023. a, b
Hu, Y. Q., Peng, Z., Wang, C., and Kan, J. R.: Magnetic Merging Line and Reconnection Voltage versus IMF Clock Angle: Results from Global MHD Simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 114, A08220, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014118, 2009. a, b
Keinert, B., Schäfer, H., Korndörfer, J., Ganse, U., and Stamminger, M.: Improved Ray Casting of Procedural Distance Bounds, Journal of Graphics Tools, 17, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1080/2165347X.2015.1033069, 2013. a
Korndörfer, J. and Keinert, B., Ganse, U., Sänger, M., Ley, S., Burkhardt, K., Spuler, M., and Heusipp, J.: HG_SDF: A glsl library for building signed distance functions, Mercury Demogroup, https://mercury.sexy/hg_sdf (last access: 25 April 2023), 2015. a
Laitinen, T. V., Janhunen, P., Pulkkinen, T. I., Palmroth, M., and Koskinen, H. E. J.: On the characterization of magnetic reconnection in global MHD simulations, Ann. Geophys., 24, 3059–3069, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-3059-2006, 2006. a, b, c
Lapenta, G.: Detecting Reconnection Sites Using the Lorentz Transformations for Electromagnetic Fields, Astrophys. J., 911, 147, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abeb74, 2021. a
Lau, Y.-T. and Finn, J. M.: Three-Dimensional Kinematic Reconnection in the Presence of Field Nulls and Closed Field Lines, Astrophys. J., 350, 672, https://doi.org/10.1086/168419, 1990. a
Olshevsky, V., Divin, A., Eriksson, E., Markidis, S., and Lapenta, G.: ENERGY DISSIPATION IN MAGNETIC NULL POINTS AT KINETIC SCALES, Astrophys. J., 807, 155, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/155, 2015. a
Olshevsky, V., Deca, J., Divin, A., Peng, I. B., Markidis, S., Innocenti, M. E., Cazzola, E., and Lapenta, G.: MAGNETIC NULL POINTS IN KINETIC SIMULATIONS OF SPACE PLASMAS, Astrophys. J., 819, 52, https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/52, 2016. a, b
Palmroth, M.: Vlasiator 6D 'EGI' Tail Current Sheet Data Series, University of Helsinki [data set], https://doi.org/10.23729/72EFF3EF-C84B-43B8-94D1-0A8B49C7C56D, 2023. a, b
Palmroth, M., Hoilijoki, S., Juusola, L., Pulkkinen, T. I., Hietala, H., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Ganse, U., von Alfthan, S., Vainio, R., and Hesse, M.: Tail reconnection in the global magnetospheric context: Vlasiator first results, Ann. Geophys., 35, 1269–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1269-2017, 2017. a, b
Palmroth, M., Ganse, U., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Battarbee, M., Turc, L., Brito, T., Grandin, M., Hoilijoki, S., Sandroos, A., and von Alfthan, S.: Vlasov Methods in Space Physics and Astrophysics, Living Reviews in Computational Astrophysics, 4, 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41115-018-0003-2, 2018. a
Palmroth, M., Pulkkinen, T. I., Ganse, U., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Koskela, T., Zaitsev, I., Alho, M., Cozzani, G., Turc, L., Battarbee, M., Dubart, M., George, H., Gordeev, E., Grandin, M., Horaites, K., Osmane, A., Papadakis, K., Suni, J., Tarvus, V., Zhou, H., and Nakamura, R.: Magnetotail Plasma Eruptions Driven by Magnetic Reconnection and Kinetic Instabilities, Nat. Geosci., 16, 570–576, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01206-2, 2023. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Parker, E. N.: Sweet's Mechanism for Merging Magnetic Fields in Conducting Fluids, J. Geophys. Res. (1896–1977), 62, 509–520, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ062i004p00509, 1957. a
Parnell, C. E., Smith, J. M., Neukirch, T., and Priest, E. R.: The Structure of Three-dimensional Magnetic Neutral Points, Phys. Plasmas, 3, 759–770, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871810, 1996. a
Parnell, C. E., Haynes, A. L., and Galsgaard, K.: Structure of Magnetic Separators and Separator Reconnection, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A02102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014557, 2010. a
Paschmann, G. and Daly, P. W.: Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, no. SR-001 in ISSI Scientific Report, ESA Publications Division, ESA Publications Division Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 1998. a
Pathak, N., Ergun, R. E., Qi, Y., Schwartz, S. J., Vo, T., Usanova, M. E., Hesse, M., Phan, T. D., Drake, J. F., Eriksson, S., Ahmadi, N., Chasapis, A., Wilder, F. D., Stawarz, J. E., Burch, J. L., Genestreti, K. J., Torbert, R. B., and Nakamura, R.: Evidence of a Nonorthogonal X-line in Guide-field Magnetic Reconnection, Astrophys. J. Letters, 941, L34, https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aca679, 2022. a
Pfau-Kempf, Y., Palmroth, M., Johlander, A., Turc, L., Alho, M., Battarbee, M., Dubart, M., Grandin, M., and Ganse, U.: Hybrid-Vlasov Modeling of Three-Dimensional Dayside Magnetopause Reconnection, Phys. Plasmas, 27, 092903, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020685, 2020. a, b
Pfau-Kempf, Y., von Alfthan, S., Ganse, U., Sandroos, A., Battarbee, M., Koskela, T., Otto, Ilja, Papadakis, K., Kotipalo, L., Zhou, H., Grandin, M., Pokhotelov, D., and Alho, M.: Fmihpc/Vlasiator: Vlasiator, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3640593, 2022. a
Priest, E. R. and Titov, V. S.: Magnetic Reconnection at Three-Dimensional Null Points, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 354, 2951–2992, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1996.0136, 1996. a
Rezeau, L., Belmont, G., Manuzzo, R., Aunai, N., and Dargent, J.: Analyzing the Magnetopause Internal Structure: New Possibilities Offered by MMS Tested in a Case Study, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 227–241, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024526, 2018. a, b
Servidio, S., Matthaeus, W. H., Shay, M. A., Cassak, P. A., and Dmitruk, P.: Magnetic Reconnection in Two-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence, Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 115003, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.115003, 2009. a
Shen, C., Rong, Z. J., Li, X., Dunlop, M., Liu, Z. X., Malova, H. V., Lucek, E., and Carr, C.: Magnetic configurations of the tilted current sheets in magnetotail, Ann. Geophys., 26, 3525–3543, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-3525-2008, 2008. a
Shi, Q. Q., Tian, A. M., Bai, S. C., Hasegawa, H., Degeling, A. W., Pu, Z. Y., Dunlop, M., Guo, R. L., Yao, S. T., Zong, Q.-G., Wei, Y., Zhou, X.-Z., Fu, S. Y., and Liu, Z. Q.: Dimensionality, Coordinate System and Reference Frame for Analysis of In-Situ Space Plasma and Field Data, Space Sci. Rev., 215, 35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0601-2, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f
Sonnerup, B. and Scheible, M.: Minimum and Maximum Variance Analysis, in: Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, vol. 001 of ISSI Scientific Report, International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland, pp. 185–220, 1998. a
Sonnerup, B. U. Ö.: Magnetic-Field Re-Connexion in a Highly Conducting Incompressible Fluid, J. Plasma Phys., 4, 161–174, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377800004888, 1970. a
Sonnerup, B. U. Ö.: Magnetopause Reconnection Rate, J. Geophys. Res. (1896–1977), 79, 1546–1549, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA079i010p01546, 1974. a
Titov, V. S., Forbes, T. G., Priest, E. R., Mikić, Z., and Linker, J. A.: SLIP-SQUASHING FACTORS AS A MEASURE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC RECONNECTION, Astrophys. J., 693, 1029, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/693/1/1029, 2009. a
von Alfthan, S., Pokhotelov, D., Kempf, Y., Hoilijoki, S., Honkonen, I., Sandroos, A., and Palmroth, M.: Vlasiator: First Global Hybrid-Vlasov Simulations of Earth's Foreshock and Magnetosheath, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy, 120, 24–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.08.012, 2014. a
Xu, S., Liemohn, M. W., Dong, C., Mitchell, D. L., Bougher, S. W., and Ma, Y.: Pressure and Ion Composition Boundaries at Mars, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 6417–6429, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022644, 2016. a
Yeates, A. R. and Hornig, G.: A Generalized Flux Function for Three-Dimensional Magnetic Reconnection, Phys. Plasmas, 18, 102118, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3657424, 2011. a
Yeh, T.: Reconnection of Magnetic Field Lines in Viscous Conducting Fluids, J. Geophys. Res. (1896-1977), 81, 4524–4530, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA081i025p04524, 1976. a
Zeiler, A., Biskamp, D., Drake, J. F., Rogers, B. N., Shay, M. A., and Scholer, M.: Three-Dimensional Particle Simulations of Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 107, SMP 6-1–SMP 6-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000287, 2002. a
Short summary
Magnetic reconnection is one of the main processes for energy conversion and plasma transport in space plasma physics, associated with plasma entry into the magnetosphere of Earth and Earth’s substorm cycle. Global modelling of these plasma processes enables us to understand the magnetospheric system in detail. However, finding sites of active reconnection from large simulation datasets can be challenging, and this paper develops tools to find magnetic topologies related to reconnection.
Magnetic reconnection is one of the main processes for energy conversion and plasma transport in...
