Articles | Volume 38, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-625-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-625-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Non-locality of Earth's quasi-parallel bow shock: injection of thermal protons in a hybrid-Vlasov simulation
Markus Battarbee
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Urs Ganse
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Yann Pfau-Kempf
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Lucile Turc
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Thiago Brito
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Maxime Grandin
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Tuomas Koskela
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Minna Palmroth
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Related authors
Leo Kotipalo, Markus Battarbee, Yann Pfau-Kempf, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6401–6413, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines a method called adaptive mesh refinement in optimization of the space plasma simulation model Vlasiator. The method locally adjusts resolution in regions which are most relevant to modelling, based on the properties of the plasma. The runs testing this method show that adaptive refinement manages to highlight the desired regions with manageable performance overhead. Performance in larger-scale production runs and mitigation of overhead are avenues of further research.
Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Hongyang Zhou, Liisa Juusola, Abiyot Workayehu, Fasil Kebede, Konstantinos Papadakis, Maxime Grandin, Markku Alho, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Leo Kotipalo, Arnaud Lalagüe, Jonas Suni, Konstantinos Horaites, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-101, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a kinetic space-plasma model that simulates the behaviour of plasma, solar wind and magnetic fields in near-Earth space. So far, these simulations had been run without any interaction wtih the ionosphere, the uppermost layer of Earth's atmosphere. In this manuscript, we present the new methods that add an ionospheric electrodynamics model to Vlasiator, coupling it with the existing methods and presenting new simulation results of how space Plasma and Earth's ionosphere interact.
Tuomas Häkkilä, Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Monika E. Szeląg, Markku Alho, Leo Kotipalo, Niilo Kalakoski, Pekka T. Verronen, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7, 2024
Preprint under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
We study the atmospheric impact of auroral electron precipitation, by the novel combination of both magnetospheric and atmospheric modelling. We first simulate fluxes of auroral electrons, and then use these fluxes to model their atmospheric impact. We find an increase of up to 200 % in thermospheric odd nitrogen, and a corresponding decrease in stratospheric ozone of around 0.7 %. The produced auroral electron precipitation is realistic, and shows the potential for future studies.
Markku Alho, Giulia Cozzani, Ivan Zaitsev, Fasil Tesema Kebede, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Maarja Bussov, Maxime Dubart, Sanni Hoilijoki, Leo Kotipalo, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, Abiyot Workayehu, Hongyang Zhou, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 42, 145–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetic reconnection is one of the main processes for energy conversion and plasma transport in space plasma physics, associated with plasma entry into the magnetosphere of Earth and Earth’s substorm cycle. Global modelling of these plasma processes enables us to understand the magnetospheric system in detail. However, finding sites of active reconnection from large simulation datasets can be challenging, and this paper develops tools to find magnetic topologies related to reconnection.
Jonas Suni, Minna Palmroth, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Giulia Cozzani, Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Harriet George, Evgeny Gordeev, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Vertti Tarvus, Fasil Tesema, and Hongyang Zhou
Ann. Geophys., 41, 551–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are structures of enhanced plasma density and/or velocity in a region of near-Earth space known as the magnetosheath. When they propagate towards the Earth, these jets can disturb the Earth's magnetic field and cause hazards for satellites. In this study, we use a simulation called Vlasiator to model near-Earth space and investigate jets using case studies and statistical analysis. We find that jets that propagate towards the Earth are different from jets that do not.
Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Markku Alho, Maxime Grandin, Maxime Dubart, Lucile Turc, Hongyang Zhou, Konstantinos Horaites, Ivan Zaitsev, Giulia Cozzani, Maarja Bussov, Evgeny Gordeev, Fasil Tesema, Harriet George, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7903–7912, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a plasma simulation code that simulates the entire near-Earth space at a global scale. As 6D simulations require enormous amounts of computational resources, Vlasiator uses adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to lighten the computational burden. However, due to Vlasiator’s grid topology, AMR simulations suffer from grid aliasing artifacts that affect the global results. In this work, we present and evaluate the performance of a mechanism for alleviating those artifacts.
Vertti Tarvus, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Jonas Suni, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markku Alho, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Andreas Johlander, Konstantinos Papadakis, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use simulations of Earth's magnetosphere and study the formation of transient wave structures in the region where the solar wind first interacts with the magnetosphere. These transients move earthward and play a part in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction. We show that the transients are a common feature and their properties are altered as they move earthward, including an increase in temperature, decrease in solar wind speed and an alteration in their propagation properties.
Andrei Runov, Maxime Grandin, Minna Palmroth, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Heli Hietala, Sanni Hoilijoki, Emilia Kilpua, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Sergio Toledo-Redondo, Lucile Turc, and Drew Turner
Ann. Geophys., 39, 599–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In collisionless systems like space plasma, particle velocity distributions contain fingerprints of ongoing physical processes. However, it is challenging to decode this information from observations. We used hybrid-Vlasov simulations to obtain ion velocity distribution functions at different locations and at different stages of the Earth's magnetosphere dynamics. The obtained distributions provide valuable examples that may be directly compared with observations by satellites in space.
Minna Palmroth, Savvas Raptis, Jonas Suni, Tomas Karlsson, Lucile Turc, Andreas Johlander, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Vertti Tarvus, and Adnane Osmane
Ann. Geophys., 39, 289–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity features within the Earth's turbulent magnetosheath, separating the Earth's magnetic domain from the solar wind. The characteristics of the jets are difficult to assess statistically as a function of their lifetime because normally spacecraft observe them only at one position within the magnetosheath. This study first confirms the accuracy of the model used, Vlasiator, by comparing it to MMS spacecraft, and then carries out the first jet lifetime statistics.
Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Markku Alho, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Grandin, Urs Ganse, Konstantinos Papadakis, Andreas Johlander, Lucile Turc, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate local acceleration dynamics of electrons with a new numerical simulation method, which is an extension of a world-leading kinetic plasma simulation. We describe how large supercomputer simulations can be used to initialize the electron simulations and show numerical stability for the electron method. We show that features of our simulated electrons match observations from Earth's magnetic tail region.
Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Adnane Osmane, Andreas Johlander, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Plasma waves are ubiquitous in the Earth's magnetosphere. They are responsible for many energetic processes happening in Earth's atmosphere, such as auroras. In order to understand these processes, thorough investigations of these waves are needed. We use a state-of-the-art numerical model to do so. Here we investigate the impact of different spatial resolutions in the model on these waves in order to improve in the future the model without wasting computational resources.
Markus Battarbee, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Lucile Turc, Primož Kajdič, Andreas Johlander, Vertti Tarvus, Stephen Fuselier, Karlheinz Trattner, Markku Alho, Thiago Brito, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Tomas Karlsson, Savvas Raptis, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Jonas Suni, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1081–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamics of helium in the foreshock, a part of near-Earth space found upstream of the Earth's bow shock. We show how the second most common ion in interplanetary space reacts strongly to plasma waves found in the foreshock. Spacecraft observations and supercomputer simulations both give us a new understanding of the foreshock edge and how to interpret future observations.
Lucile Turc, Vertti Tarvus, Andrew P. Dimmock, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Andreas Johlander, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1045–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using global computer simulations, we study properties of the magnetosheath, the region of near-Earth space where the stream of particles originating from the Sun, the solar wind, is slowed down and deflected around the Earth's magnetic field. One of our main findings is that even for idealised solar wind conditions as used in our model, the magnetosheath density shows large-scale spatial and temporal variation in the so-called quasi-parallel magnetosheath, causing varying levels of asymmetry.
Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Adnane Osmane, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, Thiago Brito, Tuomas Koskela, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 37, 791–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
When the terrestrial magnetic field is disturbed, particles from the near-Earth space can precipitate into the upper atmosphere. This work presents, for the first time, numerical simulations of proton precipitation in the energy range associated with the production of aurora (∼1–30 keV) using a global kinetic model of the near-Earth space: Vlasiator. We find that nightside proton precipitation can be regulated by the transition region between stretched and dipolar geomagnetic field lines.
Liisa Juusola, Sanni Hoilijoki, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Riku Jarvinen, Markus Battarbee, Emilia Kilpua, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1183–1199, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field, forming a magnetosphere. On the night side solar wind stretches the magnetosphere into a long tail. A process called magnetic reconnection opens the magnetic field lines and reconnects them, accelerating particles to high energies. We study this in the magnetotail using a numerical simulation model of the Earth’s magnetosphere. We study the motion of the points where field lines reconnect and the fast flows driven by this process.
Minna Palmroth, Heli Hietala, Ferdinand Plaschke, Martin Archer, Tomas Karlsson, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, David Sibeck, Primož Kajdič, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markus Battarbee, and Lucile Turc
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1171–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity plasma structures that are commonly observed within the Earth's magnetosheath. Previously, they have mainly been investigated with spacecraft observations, which do not allow us to infer their spatial sizes, temporal evolution, or origin. This paper shows for the first time their dimensions, evolution, and origins within a simulation whose dimensions are directly comparable to the Earth's magnetosphere. The results are compared to previous observations.
Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Markus Battarbee, Lucile Turc, Andrew P. Dimmock, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, David G. Sibeck, Paul A. Cassak, Robert C. Fear, Riku Jarvinen, Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Rami Vainio, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1081–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use the Vlasiator code to study the characteristics of transient structures that exist in the Earth's foreshock, i.e. upstream of the bow shock. The structures are cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs). These transients can interact with the bow shock. We study the changes the shock suffers via this interaction. We also investigate ion distributions associated with the cavitons and SHFAs. A very important result is that the arrival of multiple SHFAs results in shock erosion.
Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Maxime Grandin, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1027–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's magnetic field is shaped by the solar wind. On the dayside the field is compressed and on the nightside it is stretched as a long tail. The tail has been observed to occasionally undergo flapping motions, but the origin of these motions is not understood. We study the flapping using a numerical simulation of the near-Earth space. We present a possible explanation for how the flapping could be initiated by a passing disturbance and then maintained as a standing wave.
Maxime Grandin, Noora Partamies, and Ilkka I. Virtanen
Ann. Geophys., 42, 355–369, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-355-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-355-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Auroral displays typically take place at high latitudes, but the exact latitude where the auroral breakup occurs can vary. In this study, we compare the characteristics of the fluxes of precipitating electrons from space during auroral breakups occurring above Tromsø (central part of the auroral zone) and above Svalbard (poleward boundary of the auroral zone). We find that electrons responsible for the aurora above Tromsø carry more energy than those precipitating above Svalbard.
Leo Kotipalo, Markus Battarbee, Yann Pfau-Kempf, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6401–6413, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines a method called adaptive mesh refinement in optimization of the space plasma simulation model Vlasiator. The method locally adjusts resolution in regions which are most relevant to modelling, based on the properties of the plasma. The runs testing this method show that adaptive refinement manages to highlight the desired regions with manageable performance overhead. Performance in larger-scale production runs and mitigation of overhead are avenues of further research.
Maxime Grandin, Emma Bruus, Vincent E. Ledvina, Noora Partamies, Mathieu Barthelemy, Carlos Martinis, Rowan Dayton-Oxland, Bea Gallardo-Lacourt, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Katie Herlingshaw, Neethal Thomas, Eero Karvinen, Donna Lach, Marjan Spijkers, and Calle Bergstrand
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2174, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2174, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out a citizen science study of aurora sightings and experienced technological disruptions during the extreme geomagnetic storm of 10 May 2024. We collected reports from 696 observers from over 30 countries via an online survey, supplemented with observations logged in the Skywarden database. We found that the aurora was seen from exceptionally low latitudes and had very bright red and pink hues, suggesting that high fluxes of low-energy electrons from space entered the atmosphere.
Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Hongyang Zhou, Liisa Juusola, Abiyot Workayehu, Fasil Kebede, Konstantinos Papadakis, Maxime Grandin, Markku Alho, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Leo Kotipalo, Arnaud Lalagüe, Jonas Suni, Konstantinos Horaites, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-101, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a kinetic space-plasma model that simulates the behaviour of plasma, solar wind and magnetic fields in near-Earth space. So far, these simulations had been run without any interaction wtih the ionosphere, the uppermost layer of Earth's atmosphere. In this manuscript, we present the new methods that add an ionospheric electrodynamics model to Vlasiator, coupling it with the existing methods and presenting new simulation results of how space Plasma and Earth's ionosphere interact.
Tuomas Häkkilä, Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Monika E. Szeląg, Markku Alho, Leo Kotipalo, Niilo Kalakoski, Pekka T. Verronen, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7, 2024
Preprint under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
We study the atmospheric impact of auroral electron precipitation, by the novel combination of both magnetospheric and atmospheric modelling. We first simulate fluxes of auroral electrons, and then use these fluxes to model their atmospheric impact. We find an increase of up to 200 % in thermospheric odd nitrogen, and a corresponding decrease in stratospheric ozone of around 0.7 %. The produced auroral electron precipitation is realistic, and shows the potential for future studies.
Markku Alho, Giulia Cozzani, Ivan Zaitsev, Fasil Tesema Kebede, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Maarja Bussov, Maxime Dubart, Sanni Hoilijoki, Leo Kotipalo, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, Abiyot Workayehu, Hongyang Zhou, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 42, 145–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetic reconnection is one of the main processes for energy conversion and plasma transport in space plasma physics, associated with plasma entry into the magnetosphere of Earth and Earth’s substorm cycle. Global modelling of these plasma processes enables us to understand the magnetospheric system in detail. However, finding sites of active reconnection from large simulation datasets can be challenging, and this paper develops tools to find magnetic topologies related to reconnection.
Sanni Hoilijoki, Emilia Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Lucile Turc, Mikko Savola, Veera Lipsanen, Harriet George, and Milla Kalliokoski
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-3, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-3, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
Structures originating from the Sun, such as coronal mass ejections and high-speed streams, may impact the Earth's magnetosphere differently. The occurrence rate of these structures depends on the phase solar cycle. We use mutual information to study the change in the statistical dependence between solar wind and inner magnetosphere. We find that the non-linearity between solar wind and inner magnetosphere varies over the solar cycle and during different solar wind drivers.
Daniel Giles, Matthew M. Graham, Mosè Giordano, Tuomas Koskela, Alexandros Beskos, and Serge Guillas
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2427–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2427-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2427-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Digital twins of physical and human systems informed by real-time data are becoming ubiquitous across a wide range of settings. Progress for researchers is currently limited by a lack of tools to run these models effectively and efficiently. A key challenge is the optimal use of high-performance computing environments. The work presented here focuses on a developed open-source software platform which aims to improve this usage, with an emphasis placed on flexibility, efficiency, and scalability.
Jonas Suni, Minna Palmroth, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Giulia Cozzani, Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Harriet George, Evgeny Gordeev, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Vertti Tarvus, Fasil Tesema, and Hongyang Zhou
Ann. Geophys., 41, 551–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are structures of enhanced plasma density and/or velocity in a region of near-Earth space known as the magnetosheath. When they propagate towards the Earth, these jets can disturb the Earth's magnetic field and cause hazards for satellites. In this study, we use a simulation called Vlasiator to model near-Earth space and investigate jets using case studies and statistical analysis. We find that jets that propagate towards the Earth are different from jets that do not.
Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Markku Alho, Maxime Grandin, Maxime Dubart, Lucile Turc, Hongyang Zhou, Konstantinos Horaites, Ivan Zaitsev, Giulia Cozzani, Maarja Bussov, Evgeny Gordeev, Fasil Tesema, Harriet George, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7903–7912, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a plasma simulation code that simulates the entire near-Earth space at a global scale. As 6D simulations require enormous amounts of computational resources, Vlasiator uses adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to lighten the computational burden. However, due to Vlasiator’s grid topology, AMR simulations suffer from grid aliasing artifacts that affect the global results. In this work, we present and evaluate the performance of a mechanism for alleviating those artifacts.
Vertti Tarvus, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Jonas Suni, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markku Alho, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Andreas Johlander, Konstantinos Papadakis, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use simulations of Earth's magnetosphere and study the formation of transient wave structures in the region where the solar wind first interacts with the magnetosphere. These transients move earthward and play a part in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction. We show that the transients are a common feature and their properties are altered as they move earthward, including an increase in temperature, decrease in solar wind speed and an alteration in their propagation properties.
Andrei Runov, Maxime Grandin, Minna Palmroth, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Heli Hietala, Sanni Hoilijoki, Emilia Kilpua, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Sergio Toledo-Redondo, Lucile Turc, and Drew Turner
Ann. Geophys., 39, 599–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In collisionless systems like space plasma, particle velocity distributions contain fingerprints of ongoing physical processes. However, it is challenging to decode this information from observations. We used hybrid-Vlasov simulations to obtain ion velocity distribution functions at different locations and at different stages of the Earth's magnetosphere dynamics. The obtained distributions provide valuable examples that may be directly compared with observations by satellites in space.
Minna Palmroth, Savvas Raptis, Jonas Suni, Tomas Karlsson, Lucile Turc, Andreas Johlander, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Vertti Tarvus, and Adnane Osmane
Ann. Geophys., 39, 289–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity features within the Earth's turbulent magnetosheath, separating the Earth's magnetic domain from the solar wind. The characteristics of the jets are difficult to assess statistically as a function of their lifetime because normally spacecraft observe them only at one position within the magnetosheath. This study first confirms the accuracy of the model used, Vlasiator, by comparing it to MMS spacecraft, and then carries out the first jet lifetime statistics.
Minna Palmroth, Maxime Grandin, Theodoros Sarris, Eelco Doornbos, Stelios Tourgaidis, Anita Aikio, Stephan Buchert, Mark A. Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Roderick Heelis, Alex Hoffmann, Nickolay Ivchenko, Guram Kervalishvili, David J. Knudsen, Anna Kotova, Han-Li Liu, David M. Malaspina, Günther March, Aurélie Marchaudon, Octav Marghitu, Tomoko Matsuo, Wojciech J. Miloch, Therese Moretto-Jørgensen, Dimitris Mpaloukidis, Nils Olsen, Konstantinos Papadakis, Robert Pfaff, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Christian Siemes, Claudia Stolle, Jonas Suni, Jose van den IJssel, Pekka T. Verronen, Pieter Visser, and Masatoshi Yamauchi
Ann. Geophys., 39, 189–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) in terms of measurements and modelling. The LTI is the transition region between space and the atmosphere and as such of tremendous importance to both the domains of space and atmosphere. The paper also serves as the background for European Space Agency Earth Explorer 10 candidate mission Daedalus.
Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Markku Alho, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Grandin, Urs Ganse, Konstantinos Papadakis, Andreas Johlander, Lucile Turc, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate local acceleration dynamics of electrons with a new numerical simulation method, which is an extension of a world-leading kinetic plasma simulation. We describe how large supercomputer simulations can be used to initialize the electron simulations and show numerical stability for the electron method. We show that features of our simulated electrons match observations from Earth's magnetic tail region.
Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Adnane Osmane, Andreas Johlander, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Plasma waves are ubiquitous in the Earth's magnetosphere. They are responsible for many energetic processes happening in Earth's atmosphere, such as auroras. In order to understand these processes, thorough investigations of these waves are needed. We use a state-of-the-art numerical model to do so. Here we investigate the impact of different spatial resolutions in the model on these waves in order to improve in the future the model without wasting computational resources.
Markus Battarbee, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Lucile Turc, Primož Kajdič, Andreas Johlander, Vertti Tarvus, Stephen Fuselier, Karlheinz Trattner, Markku Alho, Thiago Brito, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Tomas Karlsson, Savvas Raptis, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Jonas Suni, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1081–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamics of helium in the foreshock, a part of near-Earth space found upstream of the Earth's bow shock. We show how the second most common ion in interplanetary space reacts strongly to plasma waves found in the foreshock. Spacecraft observations and supercomputer simulations both give us a new understanding of the foreshock edge and how to interpret future observations.
Lucile Turc, Vertti Tarvus, Andrew P. Dimmock, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Andreas Johlander, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1045–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using global computer simulations, we study properties of the magnetosheath, the region of near-Earth space where the stream of particles originating from the Sun, the solar wind, is slowed down and deflected around the Earth's magnetic field. One of our main findings is that even for idealised solar wind conditions as used in our model, the magnetosheath density shows large-scale spatial and temporal variation in the so-called quasi-parallel magnetosheath, causing varying levels of asymmetry.
Harriet George, Emilia Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Timo Asikainen, Milla M. H. Kalliokoski, Craig J. Rodger, Stepan Dubyagin, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 931–951, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We compared trapped outer radiation belt electron fluxes to high-latitude precipitating electron fluxes during two interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) with opposite magnetic cloud rotation. The electron response had many similarities and differences between the two events, indicating that different acceleration mechanisms acted. Van Allen Probe data were used for trapped electron flux measurements, and Polar Operational Environmental Satellites were used for precipitating flux data.
Milla M. H. Kalliokoski, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Drew L. Turner, Allison N. Jaynes, Lucile Turc, Harriet George, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 683–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-683-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-683-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive statistical study of the response of the Earth's space environment in sheath regions prior to interplanetary coronal mass ejections. The inner magnetospheric wave activity is enhanced in sheath regions, and the sheaths cause significant changes to the outer radiation belt electron fluxes over short timescales. We also show that non-geoeffective sheaths can result in a significant response.
Theodoros E. Sarris, Elsayed R. Talaat, Minna Palmroth, Iannis Dandouras, Errico Armandillo, Guram Kervalishvili, Stephan Buchert, Stylianos Tourgaidis, David M. Malaspina, Allison N. Jaynes, Nikolaos Paschalidis, John Sample, Jasper Halekas, Eelco Doornbos, Vaios Lappas, Therese Moretto Jørgensen, Claudia Stolle, Mark Clilverd, Qian Wu, Ingmar Sandberg, Panagiotis Pirnaris, and Anita Aikio
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 153–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-153-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-153-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Daedalus aims to measure the largely unexplored area between Eart's atmosphere and space, the Earth's
ignorosphere. Here, intriguing and complex processes govern the deposition and transport of energy. The aim is to quantify this energy by measuring effects caused by electrodynamic processes in this region. The concept is based on a mother satellite that carries a suite of instruments, along with smaller satellites carrying a subset of instruments that are released into the atmosphere.
Emilia Kilpua, Liisa Juusola, Maxime Grandin, Antti Kero, Stepan Dubyagin, Noora Partamies, Adnane Osmane, Harriet George, Milla Kalliokoski, Tero Raita, Timo Asikainen, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 557–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-557-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-557-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coronal mass ejection sheaths and ejecta are key drivers of significant space weather storms, and they cause dramatic changes in radiation belt electron fluxes. Differences in precipitation of high-energy electrons from the belts to the upper atmosphere are thus expected. We investigate here differences in sheath- and ejecta-induced precipitation using the Finnish riometer (relative ionospheric opacity meter) chain.
Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Adnane Osmane, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, Thiago Brito, Tuomas Koskela, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 37, 791–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
When the terrestrial magnetic field is disturbed, particles from the near-Earth space can precipitate into the upper atmosphere. This work presents, for the first time, numerical simulations of proton precipitation in the energy range associated with the production of aurora (∼1–30 keV) using a global kinetic model of the near-Earth space: Vlasiator. We find that nightside proton precipitation can be regulated by the transition region between stretched and dipolar geomagnetic field lines.
Antti Lakka, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Andrew P. Dimmock, Emilia Kilpua, Matti Ala-Lahti, Ilja Honkonen, Minna Palmroth, and Osku Raukunen
Ann. Geophys., 37, 561–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-561-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-561-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We study how the Earth's space environment responds to two different amplitude interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) events that occurred in 2012 and 2014 by using the GUMICS-4 global MHD model. We examine local and large-scale dynamics of the Earth's space environment and compare simulation results to in situ data. It is shown that during moderate driving simulation agrees well with the measurements; however, GMHD results should be interpreted cautiously during strong driving.
Liisa Juusola, Sanni Hoilijoki, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Riku Jarvinen, Markus Battarbee, Emilia Kilpua, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1183–1199, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field, forming a magnetosphere. On the night side solar wind stretches the magnetosphere into a long tail. A process called magnetic reconnection opens the magnetic field lines and reconnects them, accelerating particles to high energies. We study this in the magnetotail using a numerical simulation model of the Earth’s magnetosphere. We study the motion of the points where field lines reconnect and the fast flows driven by this process.
Minna Palmroth, Heli Hietala, Ferdinand Plaschke, Martin Archer, Tomas Karlsson, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, David Sibeck, Primož Kajdič, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markus Battarbee, and Lucile Turc
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1171–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity plasma structures that are commonly observed within the Earth's magnetosheath. Previously, they have mainly been investigated with spacecraft observations, which do not allow us to infer their spatial sizes, temporal evolution, or origin. This paper shows for the first time their dimensions, evolution, and origins within a simulation whose dimensions are directly comparable to the Earth's magnetosphere. The results are compared to previous observations.
Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Markus Battarbee, Lucile Turc, Andrew P. Dimmock, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, David G. Sibeck, Paul A. Cassak, Robert C. Fear, Riku Jarvinen, Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Rami Vainio, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1081–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use the Vlasiator code to study the characteristics of transient structures that exist in the Earth's foreshock, i.e. upstream of the bow shock. The structures are cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs). These transients can interact with the bow shock. We study the changes the shock suffers via this interaction. We also investigate ion distributions associated with the cavitons and SHFAs. A very important result is that the arrival of multiple SHFAs results in shock erosion.
Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Maxime Grandin, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1027–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's magnetic field is shaped by the solar wind. On the dayside the field is compressed and on the nightside it is stretched as a long tail. The tail has been observed to occasionally undergo flapping motions, but the origin of these motions is not understood. We study the flapping using a numerical simulation of the near-Earth space. We present a possible explanation for how the flapping could be initiated by a passing disturbance and then maintained as a standing wave.
Minna Palmroth, Sanni Hoilijoki, Liisa Juusola, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Heli Hietala, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Sebastian von Alfthan, Rami Vainio, and Michael Hesse
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1269–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1269-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1269-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Much like solar flares, substorms occurring within the Earth's magnetic domain are explosive events that cause vivid auroral displays. A decades-long debate exists to explain the substorm onset. We devise a simulation encompassing the entire near-Earth space and demonstrate that detailed modelling of magnetic reconnection explains the central substorm observations. Our results help to understand the unpredictable substorm process, which will significantly improve space weather forecasts.
Antti Lakka, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Andrew P. Dimmock, Adnane Osmane, Ilja Honkonen, Minna Palmroth, and Pekka Janhunen
Ann. Geophys., 35, 907–922, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the impact on global MHD simulations from different simulation initialisation methods. While the global MHD code used is GUMICS-4 we conclude that the results might be generalisable to other codes as well. It is found that different initialisation methods affect the dynamics of the Earth's space environment by creating differences in momentum transport several hours afterwards. These differences may even grow as a response to rapid solar wind condition changes.
Yann Pfau-Kempf, Heli Hietala, Steve E. Milan, Liisa Juusola, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, Sebastian von Alfthan, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 34, 943–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-943-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-943-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We have simulated the interaction of the solar wind – the charged particles and magnetic fields emitted by the Sun into space – with the magnetic field of the Earth. The solar wind flows supersonically and creates a shock when it encounters the obstacle formed by the geomagnetic field. We have identified a new chain of events which causes phenomena in the downstream region to eventually cause perturbations at the shock and even upstream. This is confirmed by ground and satellite observations.
P. T. Verronen, M. E. Andersson, A. Kero, C.-F. Enell, J. M. Wissing, E. R. Talaat, K. Kauristie, M. Palmroth, T. E. Sarris, and E. Armandillo
Ann. Geophys., 33, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Electron concentrations observed by EISCAT radars can be reasonable well represented using AIMOS v1.2 satellite-data-based ionization model and SIC D-region ion chemistry model. SIC-EISCAT difference varies from event to event, probably because the statistical nature of AIMOS ionization is not capturing all the spatio-temporal fine structure of electron precipitation. Below 90km, AIMOS overestimates electron ionization because of proton contamination of the satellite electron detectors.
L. Turc, D. Fontaine, P. Savoini, and E. K. J. Kilpua
Ann. Geophys., 32, 1247–1261, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1247-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1247-2014, 2014
L. Turc, D. Fontaine, P. Savoini, and E. K. J. Kilpua
Ann. Geophys., 32, 157–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-157-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-157-2014, 2014
D. Pokhotelov, S. von Alfthan, Y. Kempf, R. Vainio, H. E. J. Koskinen, and M. Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 31, 2207–2212, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2207-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2207-2013, 2013
A. T. Aikio, T. Pitkänen, I. Honkonen, M. Palmroth, and O. Amm
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1021–1034, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1021-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1021-2013, 2013
L. Turc, D. Fontaine, P. Savoini, H. Hietala, and E. K. J. Kilpua
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1011–1019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1011-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1011-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Magnetosphere & space plasma physics | Keywords: Bow shock and foreshock
Short large-amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMS) at Mercury observed by MESSENGER
Fine structure and motion of the bow shock and particle energisation mechanisms inferred from Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations
Foreshock cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies: a statistical study with a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation
Evidence of the nonstationarity of the terrestrial bow shock from multi-spacecraft observations: methodology, results, and quantitative comparison with particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations
A deep insight into the ion foreshock with the help of test particle two-dimensional simulations
Helium in the Earth's foreshock: a global Vlasiator survey
Low-frequency magnetic variations at the high-β Earth bow shock
Comment on “Cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies in a hybrid-Vlasov global magnetospheric simulation” by Blanco-Cano et al. (2018)
Reflection of the strahl within the foot of the Earth's bow shock
Cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies in a hybrid-Vlasov global magnetospheric simulation
Tomas Karlsson, Ferdinand Plaschke, Austin N. Glass, and Jim M. Raines
Ann. Geophys., 42, 117–130, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind interacts with the planets in the solar system and creates a supersonic shock in front of them. The upstream region of this shock contains many complicated phenomena. One such phenomenon is small-scale structures of strong magnetic fields (SLAMS). These SLAMS have been observed at Earth and are important in determining the properties of space around the planet. Until now, SLAMS have not been observed at Mercury, but we show for the first time that SLAMS also exist there.
Krzysztof Stasiewicz and Zbigniew Kłos
Ann. Geophys., 40, 315–325, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The acceleration, or energisation, of particles is a common and fundamental process throughout the universe. This study presents new observations of the acceleration of protons by waves at the bow shock upstream of the Earth, where the solar wind first encounters Earth’s magnetic field. The results are important, because they provide insight into acceleration processes that can create high-energy particles both near the Earth and at other astrophysical systems.
Vertti Tarvus, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Jonas Suni, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markku Alho, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Andreas Johlander, Konstantinos Papadakis, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use simulations of Earth's magnetosphere and study the formation of transient wave structures in the region where the solar wind first interacts with the magnetosphere. These transients move earthward and play a part in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction. We show that the transients are a common feature and their properties are altered as they move earthward, including an increase in temperature, decrease in solar wind speed and an alteration in their propagation properties.
Christian Mazelle and Bertrand Lembège
Ann. Geophys., 39, 571–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-571-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-571-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Nonstationarity of the quasi-perpendicular terrestrial bow shock is analyzed from magnetic field measurements, comparison with 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, and a careful and accurate methodology in the data processing. The results show evidence of a strong variability of the microstructures of the shock front (foot and ramp), confirming the importance of dissipative effects. These results indicate that these features can be signatures of the shock front self-reformation.
Philippe Savoini and Bertrand Lembège
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1217–1235, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical simulations have been used to investigate some acceleration mechanisms in order to explain the origin of the energized back-streaming ions observed at the Earth's bow shock. This paper used test particles in two different configurations with self-consistent and fixed shock front profiles. The comparison of these two configurations allows us to analyze, in detail, the impact of the shock front nonstationarity and the role of the built-up electric field in the acceleration process.
Markus Battarbee, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Lucile Turc, Primož Kajdič, Andreas Johlander, Vertti Tarvus, Stephen Fuselier, Karlheinz Trattner, Markku Alho, Thiago Brito, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Tomas Karlsson, Savvas Raptis, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Jonas Suni, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1081–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamics of helium in the foreshock, a part of near-Earth space found upstream of the Earth's bow shock. We show how the second most common ion in interplanetary space reacts strongly to plasma waves found in the foreshock. Spacecraft observations and supercomputer simulations both give us a new understanding of the foreshock edge and how to interpret future observations.
Anatoli A. Petrukovich, Olga M. Chugunova, and Pavel I. Shustov
Ann. Geophys., 37, 877–889, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-877-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-877-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's bow shock in solar wind with high thermal and low magnetic pressure is a rare phenomenon. However, such an object is ubiquitous in astrophysical plasmas.
We surveyed statistics of such shock observations since 1995. About 100 crossings were initially identified. In this report 22 crossings from the Cluster project were studied using multipoint analysis, which allowed for the determination of the spatial scales of the shock transition and of the dominant magnetic variations
Gábor Facskó
Ann. Geophys., 37, 763–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-763-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-763-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Blanco-Cano et al. (2018) intended to find a type of transient event in the solar wind before the terrestrial bow shock using a special type of simulation. However, the simulation results cannot reproduce the main features of the event. Based on the remarks described below, I am sure that the features in the simulations are not those types of events. The Vlasiator code simulated proto-SHFAs.
Christopher A. Gurgiolo, Melvyn L. Goldstein, and Adolfo Viñas
Ann. Geophys., 37, 243–261, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-243-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-243-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The reflection of solar wind electrons at the bow shock helps define the physical properties of the foreshock, the region where the interplanetary magnetic field directly connects to the bow shock. We report that the strahl, the field-aligned component of the electron solar wind distribution, appears to be nearly fully reflected at the bow shock and that the reflection occurs in the foot of the shock, implying that mirroring is not the primary cause of the electron reflection.
Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Markus Battarbee, Lucile Turc, Andrew P. Dimmock, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, David G. Sibeck, Paul A. Cassak, Robert C. Fear, Riku Jarvinen, Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Rami Vainio, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1081–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use the Vlasiator code to study the characteristics of transient structures that exist in the Earth's foreshock, i.e. upstream of the bow shock. The structures are cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs). These transients can interact with the bow shock. We study the changes the shock suffers via this interaction. We also investigate ion distributions associated with the cavitons and SHFAs. A very important result is that the arrival of multiple SHFAs results in shock erosion.
Cited articles
Axford, W. I., Leer, E., and Skadron, G.: The Acceleration of Cosmic Rays by
Shock Waves, in: 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 11, Dept. of Cosmic Rays, Central Research Institute for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, Bulgarska akademiia na naukite, p. 132, 1977. a
Battarbee, M., Laitinen, T., and Vainio, R.: Heavy-ion acceleration and
self-generated waves in coronal shocks, Astron. Astrophys., 535, A34,
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117507, 2011. a
Battarbee, M., Ganse, U., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Turc, L., Brito, T., Grandin, M.,
Koskela, T., and Palmroth, M.: Supplementary Video A, TIB AV-Portal,
https://doi.org/10.5446/42960, 2020a. a
Battarbee, M., Ganse, U., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Turc, L., Brito, T., Grandin, M.,
Koskela, T., and Palmroth, M.: Supplementary Video B, TIB AV-Portal,
https://doi.org/10.5446/42961, 2020b. a
Battarbee, M., Ganse, U., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Turc, L., Brito, T., Grandin, M.,
Koskela, T., and Palmroth, M.: Supplementary Video C, TIB AV-Portal,
https://doi.org/10.5446/42962, 2020c. a
Bell, A. R.: The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts. I, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 182, 147–156, 1978. a
Blanco-Cano, X., Battarbee, M., Turc, L., Dimmock, A. P., Kilpua, E. K. J., Hoilijoki, S., Ganse, U., Sibeck, D. G., Cassak, P. A., Fear, R. C., Jarvinen, R., Juusola, L., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Vainio, R., and Palmroth, M.: Cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies in a hybrid-Vlasov global magnetospheric simulation, Ann. Geophys., 36, 1081–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, 2018. a
Blandford, R. D. and Ostriker, J. P.: Particle acceleration by astrophysical
shocks, Astrophys. J., 221, L29–L32, https://doi.org/10.1086/182658, 1978. a
Boris, J.: Acceleration calculation froma a scalar potential, Tech. rep.,
Princeton Univ., N. J. Plasma Physics Lab., MATT-769, 1970. a
Burgess, D.: Shock drift acceleration at low energies, J. Geophys.
Res., 92, 1119–1130, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA02p01119, 1987. a
Burgess, D.: Cyclic behavior at quasi-parallel collisionless shocks,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 345–348, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i005p00345, 1989. a, b
Burgess, D.: Foreshock-shock interaction at collisionless quasi-parallel
shocks, Adv. Space Res., 15, 159–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(94)00098-L,
1995. a, b, c
Burgess, D., Lucek, E. A., Scholer, M., Bale, S. D., Balikhin, M. A., Balogh,
A., Horbury, T. S., Krasnoselskikh, V. V., Kucharek, H., Lembège, B.,
Möbius, E., Schwartz, S. J., Thomsen, M. F., and Walker, S. N.:
Quasi-parallel Shock Structure and Processes, Space Sci. Rev., 118, 205–222,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-3832-3, 2005. a
Caprioli, D. and Spitkovsky, A.: Cosmic-ray-induced filamentation instability
in collisionless shocks, Astrophys. J., 765, L20,
https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L20, 2013. a
Caprioli, D., Pop, A.-R., and Spitkovsky, A.: Simulations and Theory of Ion
Injection at Non-relativistic Collisionless Shocks, Astrophys.
J., 798, L28, https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/798/2/L28, 2015. a, b, c
Caprioli, D., Yi, D. T., and Spitkovsky, A.: Chemical Enhancements in
Shock-Accelerated Particles: Ab initio Simulations, Phys. Rev. Lett.,
119, 171101, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.171101, 2017. a, b
Childs, H., Brugger, E., Whitlock, B., Meredith, J., Ahern, S., Pugmire, D.,
Biagas, K., Miller, M., Harrison, C., Weber, G. H., Krishnan, H., Fogal, T.,
Sanderson, A., Garth, C., Bethel, E. W., Camp, D., Rübel, O., Durant, M.,
Favre, J. M., and Navrátil, P.: VisIt: An End-User Tool For Visualizing
and Analyzing Very Large Data, in: High Performance Visualization–Enabling
Extreme-Scale Scientific Insight, 357–372, Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2012. a
Dubart, M., Ganse, U., Osmane, A., Johlander, A., Battarbee, M., Grandin, M., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Turc, L., and Palmroth, M.: Resolution dependence of magnetosheath waves in global hybrid-Vlasov simulations, Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-24, in review, 2020. a
Eastwood, J. P., Lucek, E. A., Mazelle, C., Meziane, K., Narita, Y., Pickett,
J., and Treumann, R. A.: The foreshock, Space Sci. Rev., 118, 41–94, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-3824-3,
2005. a
Eastwood, J. P., Bale, S. D., Mozer, F. S., and Hull, A. J.: Contributions to
the cross shock electric field at a quasiperpendicular collisionless shock,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030610, 2007. a
Edmiston, J. P., Kennel, C. F., and Eichler, D.: Escape of heated ions
upstream of quasi-parallel shocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, L17104,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL009i005p00531, 1982. a
Ellison, D. C.: Monte Carlo Simulation of charged particles upstream of the
Earth's bow shock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 991–994,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008i009p00991, 1981. a
Fairfield, D. H.: Bow shock associated waves observed in the far upstream
interplanetary medium, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 3541–3553,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA074i014p03541, 1969. a
Gedalin, M.: Influence of the rippling on the collisionless ion and electron
motion in the shock front: A model study, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 106, 21645–21655, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000185, 2001. a
Gedalin, M.: Transmitted, reflected, quasi-reflected, and multiply reflected
ions in low-Mach number shocks, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 10754–10767, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023395, 2016. a
Giacalone, J.: Shock drift acceleration of energetic protons at a planetary
bow shock, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8307–8318, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA00313,
1992. a
Gingell, I., Schwartz, S. J., Burgess, D., Johlander, A., Russell, C. T.,
Burch, J. L., Ergun, R. E., Fuselier, S., Gershman, D. J., Giles, B. L.,
Goodrich, K. A., Khotyaintsev, Y. V., Lavraud, B., Lindqvist, A., Strangeway,
R. J., Trattner, K., Torbert, R. B., Wei, H., and Wilder, F.: MMS
Observations and Hybrid Simulations of Surface Ripples at a Marginally
Quasi-Parallel Shock, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 11003–11017,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024538, 2017. a
Gingell, I., Schwartz, S., Eastwood, J., Stawarz, J., Burch, J., Ergun, R.,
Fuselier, S., Gershman, D., Giles, B., Khotyaintsev, Y., Lavraud, B.,
Lindqvist, P., Paterson, W., Phan, T., Russell, C., Strangeway, R., Torbert,
R., and Wilder, F.: Statistics of Reconnecting Current Sheets in the
Transition Region of Earth's Bow Shock, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 125, e2019JA027119, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027119, 2019. a, b, c
Gosling, J. T., Thomsen, M. F., Bame, S. J., Feldman, W. C., Paschmann, G., and
Sckopke, N.: Evidence for specularly reflected ions upstream from the
quasi-parallel bow shock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 1333–1336,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL009i012p01333, 1982. a
Gosling, J. T., Thomsen, M. F., Bame, S. J., and Russell, C. T.: Ion
reflection and downstream thermalization at the quasi-parallel bow shock,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 94, 10027–10037,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA094iA08p10027, 1989. a
Greenstadt, E. W. and Mellott, M. M.: Variable field-to-normal angles in the
shock foreshock boundary observed by ISEE 1 and 2, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 12, 129–132, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL012i003p00129, 1985. a
Guo, F. and Giacalone, J.: The acceleration of thermal protons at parallel
collisionless shocks: three-dimensional hybrid simulations, Astrophys.
J., 773, 158, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/158, 2013. a, b
Hada, T., Kennel, C. F., and Terasawa, T.: Excitation of compressional waves
and the formation of shocklets in the Earth's foreshock, J.
Geophys. Res., 92, 4423–4435, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA05p04423, 1987. a
Hannuksela, O. and the Vlasiator team: Analysator: python analysis toolkit,
Github repository, available at: https://github.com/fmihpc/analysator/,
last access: 23 April 2020. a
Hao, Y., Lu, Q., Gao, X., and Wang, S.: Ion dynamics at a rippled
quasi-parallel shock: 2D hybrid simulations, Astrophys. J., 823, 7,
https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/7, 2016. a, b
Hao, Y., Gao, X., Lu, Q., Huang, C., Wang, R., and Wang, S.: Reformation of
rippled quasi-parallel shocks: 2-D hybrid simulations, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 6385–6396, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024234, 2017. a
Hietala, H., Laitinen, T. V., Andréeová, K., Vainio, R., Vaivads,
A., Palmroth, M., Pulkkinen, T. I., Koskinen, H. E. J., Lucek, E. A., and
Rème, H.: Supermagnetosonic Jets behind a Collisionless Quasiparallel
Shock, Phys. Rev. Lett., 103, 245001, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.245001,
2009. a
Hoilijoki, S., Ganse, U., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Cassak, P. A., Walsh, B. M., Hietala,
H., von Alfthan, S., and Palmroth, M.: Reconnection rates and X line motion
at the magnetopause: Global 2D-3V hybrid-Vlasov simulation results, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 2877–2888, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023709,
2017. a
Hoppe, M. M., Russell, C. T., Frank, L. A., Eastman, T. E., and Greenstadt,
E. W.: Upstream hydromagnetic waves and their association with backstreaming
ion populations: ISEE 1 and 2 observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 86, 4471–4492, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA086iA06p04471, 1981. a
Johlander, A., Vaivads, A., Khotyaintsev, Y. V., Retinò, A., and
Dandouras, I.: Ion Injection at Quasi-parallel Shocks seen by the Cluster
Spacecraft, Astrophys. J., 817, L4,
https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/817/1/L4, 2016. a, b, c
Karimabadi, H., Roytershteyn, V., Vu, H. X., Omelchenko, Y. A., Scudder, J.,
Daughton, W., Dimmock, A., Nykyri, K., Wan, M., Sibeck, D., Tatineni, M.,
Majumdar, A., Loring, B., and Geveci, B.: The link between shocks,
turbulence, and magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasmas, Phys.
Plasmas, 21, 062308, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4882875, 2014. a
Krymsky, G., Kuzmin, A., Petukhov, S., and Turpanov, A.: Physical Principles
of Regular Acceleration Mechanism of Charged Particles, in: Proceedings, 16th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 3, 39–43, Kyoto,
1979. a
Kucharek, H. and Scholer, M.: Origin of diffuse superthermal ions at
quasi-parallel supercritical collisionless shocks, J. Geophys.
Res., 96, 21195–21205, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA02321, 1991. a
Lever, E., Quest, K., and Shapiro, V.: Shock surfing vs. shock drift
acceleration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1367–1370, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012516,
2001. a, b
Liseykina, T. V., Dudnikova, G. I., Vshivkov, V. A., and Malkov, M. A.:
Ion-acoustic shocks with reflected ions: modelling and particle-in-cell
simulations, J. Plasma Phys., 81, 495810507, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002237781500077X,
2015. a
Lucek, E. A., Horbury, T. S., Dunlop, M. W., Cargill, P. J., Schwartz, S. J., Balogh, A., Brown, P., Carr, C., Fornacon, K.-H., and Georgescu, E.: Cluster magnetic field observations at a quasi-parallel bow shock, Ann. Geophys., 20, 1699–1710, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1699-2002, 2002. a
Lucek, E. A., Horbury, T. S., Dandouras, I., and Rème, H.: Cluster
observations of the Earth's quasi-parallel bow shock, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 113, A07S02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012756, 2008. a
Lyu, L. H. and Kan, J. R.: Ion leakage, ion reflection, ion heating and
shock-front reformation in a simulated supercritical quasi-parallel
collisionless shock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1041–1044,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i008p01041, 1990. a, b
Malkov, M. A.: Ion leakage from quasiparallel collisionless shocks:
Implications for injection and shock dissipation, Phys. Rev. E, 58, 4911,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.58.4911, 1998. a
Malkov, M. A., Sagdeev, R. Z., Dudnikova, G. I., Liseykina, T. V., Diamond,
P. H., Papadopoulos, K., Liu, C.-S., and Su, J. J.: Ion-acoustic shocks with
self-regulated ion reflection and acceleration, Phys. Plasmas, 23, 043105,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945649, 2016. a
Němeček, Z., Šafránková, J., Přech, L., Sibeck,
D. G., Kokubun, S., and Mukai, T.: Transient flux enhancements in the
magnetosheath, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1273–1276, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL50873,
1998. a
Omidi, N., Zhang, H., Sibeck, D., and Turner, D.: Spontaneous hot flow
anomalies at quasi-parallel shocks: 2. Hybrid simulations, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 173–180, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018099, 2013. a
Onsager, T. G., Winske, D., and Thomsen, M. F.: Ion injection simulations of
quasi-parallel shock re-formation, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 21183–21194,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA01986, 1991. a
Palmroth, M. and the Vlasiator team: Vlasiator: hybrid-Vlasov simulation
code, Github repository, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3640593, version 4.0, last
access: 23 April 2020. a
Palmroth, M., Archer, M., Vainio, R., Hietala, H., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Hoilijoki,
S., Hannuksela, O., Ganse, U., Sandroos, A., von Alfthan, S., and Eastwood,
J. P.: ULF foreshock under radial IMF: THEMIS observations and global
kinetic simulation Vlasiator results compared, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 120, 8782–8798, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021526, 2015. a, b
Palmroth, M., Ganse, U., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Battarbee, M., Turc, L., Brito, T.,
Grandin, M., Hoilijoki, S., Sandroos, A., and von Alfthan, S.: Vlasov
methods in space physics and astrophysics, Living Reviews in Computational
Astrophysics, 4, 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41115-018-0003-2, 2018. a, b
Pfau-Kempf, Y.: Vlasiator – From local to global magnetospheric
hybrid-Vlasov simulations, PhD thesis, University of Helsinki,
available at: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-336-001-3 (last access: 15 May 2020), 2016. a
Pfau-Kempf, Y., Hietala, H., Milan, S. E., Juusola, L., Hoilijoki, S., Ganse, U., von Alfthan, S., and Palmroth, M.: Evidence for transient, local ion foreshocks caused by dayside magnetopause reconnection, Ann. Geophys., 34, 943–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-943-2016, 2016. a
Pfau-Kempf, Y., Battarbee, M., Ganse, U., Hoilijoki, S., Turc, L., von Alfthan,
S., Vainio, R., and Palmroth, M.: On the Importance of Spatial and Velocity
Resolution in the Hybrid-Vlasov Modeling of Collisionless Shocks, Front. Phys., 6, 44, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2018.00044, 2018. a
Sandroos, A.: VLSV: file format and tools, Github repository, available at:
https://github.com/fmihpc/vlsv/ (last access: 23 April 2020),
2019. a
Savoini, P. and Lembège, B.: Production of nongyrotropic and gyrotropic
backstreaming ion distributions in the quasi-perpendicular ion foreshock
region, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 7154–7171,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021018, 2015. a
Savoini, P., Lembège, B., and Stienlet, J.: Origin of backstreaming
electrons within the quasi-perpendicular foreshock region: Two-dimensional
self-consistent PIC simulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A09104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015263, 2010. a
Savoini, P., Lembège, B., and Stienlet, J.: On the origin of the
quasi-perpendicular ion foreshock: Full-particle simulations, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 1132–1145, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50158, 2013. a
Scholer, M.: Diffuse ions at a quasi-parallel collisionless shock:
Simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1821–1824,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i011p01821, 1990. a, b
Scholer, M. and Terasawa, T.: Ion reflection and dissipation at quasi-parallel
collisionless shocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 119–122,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i002p00119, 1990. a, b
Schwartz, S. J. and Burgess, D.: Quasi-parallel shocks: A patchwork of
three-dimensional structures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 373–376,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL00138, 1991. a
Schwartz, S. J., Thomsen, M. F., and Gosling, J. T.: Ions upstream of the
Earth's bow shock: A theoretical comparison of alternative source
populations, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2039–2047,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA088iA03p02039, 1983. a
Schwartz, S. J., Burgess, D., Wilkinson, W. P., Kessel, R. L., Dunlop, M., and
Lühr, H.: Observations of short large-amplitude magnetic structures at
a quasi-parallel shock, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 4209–4227,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA02581, 1992. a
Sckopke, N., Paschmann, G., Bame, S. J., Gosling, J. T., and Russell, C. T.:
Evolution of ion distributions across the nearly perpendicular bow shock:
Specularly and non-specularly reflected-gyrating ions, J.
Geophys. Res., 88, 6121–6136, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA088iA08p06121, 1983. a
Su, Y., Lu, Q., Gao, X., Huang, C., and Wang, S.: Ion dynamics at
supercritical quasi-parallel shocks: Hybrid simulations, Phys. Plasmas,
19, 092108, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4752219, 2012. a
Sundberg, T., Boardsen, S. A., Slavin, J. A., Uritsky, V. M., Anderson, B. J.,
Korth, H., Gershman, D. J., Raines, J. M., Zurbuchen, T. H., and Solomon,
S. C.: Cyclic reformation of a quasi-parallel bow shock at Mercury:
MESSENGER observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 6457–6464,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50602, 2013. a
Thomas, V. A. and Winske, D.: Two dimensional hybrid simulation of a curved
bow shock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1247–1250, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i009p01247,
1990. a, b
Thomsen, M. F., Schwartz, S. J., and Gosling, J. T.: Observational evidence on
the origin of ions upstream of the Earth's bow shock, J. Geophys.
Res., 88, 7843–7852, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA088iA10p07843, 1983. a
Tóth, G., Chen, Y., Gombosi, T. I., Cassak, P., Markidis, S., and Peng,
I. B.: Scaling the Ion Inertial Length and Its Implications for Modeling
Reconnection in Global Simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 10336–10355, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024189, 2017. a
Turc, L., Ganse, U., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Hoilijoki, S., Battarbee, M., Juusola, L.,
Jarvinen, R., Brito, T., Grandin, M., and Palmroth, M.: Foreshock Properties
at Typical and Enhanced Interplanetary Magnetic Field Strengths: Results From
Hybrid-Vlasov Simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
123, 5476–5493, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025466, 2018. a, b, c, d, e
Turc, L., Roberts, O. W., Archer, M. O., Palmroth, M., Battarbee, M., Brito,
T., Ganse, U., Grandin, M., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Escoubet, C. P., and Dandouras,
I.: First Observations of the Disruption of the Earth's Foreshock Wave Field
During Magnetic Clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 12644–12653,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084437, 2019. a, b
von Alfthan, S., Pokhotelov, D., Kempf, Y., Hoilijoki, S., Honkonen, I.,
Sandroos, A., and Palmroth, M.: Vlasiator: First global hybrid-Vlasov
simulations of Earth's foreshock and magnetosheath, J. Atmos.
Sol.-Terr. Phys., 120, 24–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.08.012, 2014. a, b
Wilson III, L. B.: Low Frequency Waves at and Upstream of Collisionless
Shocks, in: Low-Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas, Geophysical Monograph Series, American Geophysical Union
(AGU), https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119055006.ch16, 2016. a
Wilson III, L. B., Sibeck, D. G., Breneman, A. W., Contel, O. L., Cully, C.,
Turner, D. L., Angelopoulos, V., and Malaspina, D. M.: Quantified energy
dissipation rates in the terrestrial bow shock: 2. Waves and dissipation,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 6475–6495,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019930, 2014a. a
Wilson III, L. B., Sibeck, D. G., Breneman, A. W., Contel, O. L., Cully, C.,
Turner, D. L., Angelopoulos, V., and Malaspina, D. M.: Quantified energy
dissipation rates in the terrestrial bow shock: 1. Analysis techniques and
methodology, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 6455–6474,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019929, 2014b.
a
Wu, M., Hao, Y., Lu, Q., Huang, C., Guo, F., and Wang, S.: The role of large
amplitude upstream low-frequency waves in the generation of superthermal ions
at a quasi-parallel collisionless shock: CLUSTER observations,
Astrophys. J., 808, 2, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/808/1/2, 2015. a
Yang, Z. W., Lu, Q. M., and Wang, S.: The evolution of the electric field at a
nonstationary perpendicular shock, Phys. Plasmas, 16, 124502,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3275788, 2009. a
Zank, G. P., Rice, W. K. M., Le Roux, J., Cairns, I. H., and Webb, G. M.:
The injection problem for quasiparallel shocks, Phys. Plasmas, 8, 4560,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1400125, 2001. a
Short summary
The structure and medium-scale dynamics of Earth's bow shock and how charged solar wind particles are reflected by it are studied in order to better understand space weather effects. We use advanced supercomputer simulations to model the shock and reflected ions. We find that the thickness of the shock depends on solar wind conditions but also has small-scale variations. Charged particle reflection is shown to be non-localized. Magnetic fields are important for ion reflection.
The structure and medium-scale dynamics of Earth's bow shock and how charged solar wind...