The paper represents a significant step forward in the numerical modelling of global ionospheric electrodynamics, incorporating the time-dependent effects of magnetic induction, with the potential for further extension to other planets in the Solar System.

This paper presents a new set of empirical models for describing variations in ionosphere-thermosphere electrodynamics in both hemispheres, as a function of season as well as prevailing solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions. The models are based on combined measurements of magnetic field perturbations and ionospheric plasma drift made by the Swarm and CHAMP satellites. The chief advantage of these models is that they are the first empirical models of high-latitude ionospheric electrodynamics quantities in both hemispheres that are consistently derived. The model codes are open source and publicly available.

This research significantly enhances our understanding of small-scale field-aligned currents observed in the cusp and auroral regions of the high-latitude ionosphere. The investigation utilizes dual-spacecraft high-resolution magnetic field measurements of the Swarm mission to reveal new characteristics of field-aligned currents across multiple scale sizes and temporal variations spanning 0.04 to 5 seconds.

This paper presents a statistical analysis of the aurora observed by the Swedish MATS satellite. These observations are new and can be an important contribution to high-latitude mesosphere/lower thermosphere science.

The paper addresses, with a philosophical approach, an important question related to the origin of ionospheric irregularities in the cusp and auroral ionosphere, in clear and precise writing.