Articles | Volume 39, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021
Review paper
 | 
25 Feb 2021
Review paper |  | 25 Feb 2021

Lower-thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) quantities: current status of measuring techniques and models

Minna Palmroth, Maxime Grandin, Theodoros Sarris, Eelco Doornbos, Stelios Tourgaidis, Anita Aikio, Stephan Buchert, Mark A. Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Roderick Heelis, Alex Hoffmann, Nickolay Ivchenko, Guram Kervalishvili, David J. Knudsen, Anna Kotova, Han-Li Liu, David M. Malaspina, Günther March, Aurélie Marchaudon, Octav Marghitu, Tomoko Matsuo, Wojciech J. Miloch, Therese Moretto-Jørgensen, Dimitris Mpaloukidis, Nils Olsen, Konstantinos Papadakis, Robert Pfaff, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Christian Siemes, Claudia Stolle, Jonas Suni, Jose van den IJssel, Pekka T. Verronen, Pieter Visser, and Masatoshi Yamauchi

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Cited articles

Aikio, A. T. and Selkälä, A.: Statistical properties of Joule heating rate, electric field and conductances at high latitudes, Ann. Geophys., 27, 2661–2673, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2661-2009, 2009. a
Aikio, A. T., Lakkala, T., Kozlovsky, A., and Williams, P. J. S.: Electric fields and currents of stable drifting auroral arcs in the evening sector, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 107, SIA 3–1–SIA 3–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA009172, 2002. a
Aikio, A. T., Mursula, K., Buchert, S., Forme, F., Amm, O., Marklund, G., Dunlop, M., Fontaine, D., Vaivads, A., and Fazakerley, A.: Temporal evolution of two auroral arcs as measured by the Cluster satellite and coordinated ground-based instruments, Ann. Geophys., 22, 4089–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-4089-2004, 2004. a
Aikio, A. T., Vanhamäki, H., Workayehu, A. B., Virtanen, I. I., Kauristie, K., Juusola, L., Buchert, S., and Knudsen, D.: Swarm Satellite and EISCAT Radar Observations of a Plasma Flow Channel in the Auroral Oval Near Magnetic Midnight, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 5140–5158, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025409, 2018. a, b
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Short summary
This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) in terms of measurements and modelling. The LTI is the transition region between space and the atmosphere and as such of tremendous importance to both the domains of space and atmosphere. The paper also serves as the background for European Space Agency Earth Explorer 10 candidate mission Daedalus.
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