Articles | Volume 39, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review paper
| 
25 Feb 2021
Review paper |
| 25 Feb 2021
| 25 Feb 2021
Lower-thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) quantities: current status of measuring techniques and models
Minna Palmroth
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Maxime Grandin
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Theodoros Sarris
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
Eelco Doornbos
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute KNMI, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Stelios Tourgaidis
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
Space Programmes Unit, Athena Research & Innovation Centre, Athens, Greece
Anita Aikio
Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Stephan Buchert
Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Uppsala, Sweden
Mark A. Clilverd
British Antarctic Survey (UKRI-NERC), Cambridge, UK
Iannis Dandouras
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
Roderick Heelis
Center for Space Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, USA
Alex Hoffmann
European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
Nickolay Ivchenko
Division of Space and Plasma Physics, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
Guram Kervalishvili
GFZ Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
David J. Knudsen
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Anna Kotova
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
Han-Li Liu
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
David M. Malaspina
Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
Günther March
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Aurélie Marchaudon
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
Octav Marghitu
Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
Tomoko Matsuo
Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, USA
Wojciech J. Miloch
Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Therese Moretto-Jørgensen
University of Bergen, Institute of Physics and Technology, Bergen, Norway
Dimitris Mpaloukidis
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
Nils Olsen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Konstantinos Papadakis
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Robert Pfaff
Heliophysics Science Division, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA
Panagiotis Pirnaris
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
Christian Siemes
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Claudia Stolle
GFZ Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Jonas Suni
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Jose van den IJssel
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Pekka T. Verronen
Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Pieter Visser
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Masatoshi Yamauchi
Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Kiruna, Sweden
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Latest update: 08 Nov 2025
Short summary
This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) in terms of measurements and modelling. The LTI is the transition region between space and the atmosphere and as such of tremendous importance to both the domains of space and atmosphere. The paper also serves as the background for European Space Agency Earth Explorer 10 candidate mission Daedalus.
This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower...
