The GIM data of 2 years from high solar activity (2014) and low solar activity (2021) provided by CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) are selected to calculate the total electron content (TEC) difference for each grid point in this paper. Based on the calculation of the spatial and temporal variations in the difference values, both spatial and temporal characteristics of the TEC difference values of the four grid points within the grid are analyzed in detail.

We report observations of sporadic-E (Es) layers and visual meteor count data simultaneously observed during night-time over the Arabian Peninsula. A constant and well-established presence of Es has been reported with a consistent count of meteors also present throughout the 1-year observation period. Data show that the Es observations are not dependent on the presence of meteor flux; i.e., the presence of meteors is not the main cause of the presence of Es over the Arabian Peninsula.

In this paper, the receiver differential code bias (DCB) of BDS (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System) is estimated as the changing parameter within 1 d with epoch-by-epoch estimates. The intraday variability of receiver DCB is analyzed from 30 d of Multi-GNSS Experiment observations. In particular, the intraday stability of receiver DCB for the BDS-3 and BDS-2 observations is compared. The result shows that the intraday stability of BDS-3 receiver DCB is better than that of BDS-2 receiver DCB.

This study correlates ionospheric parameters with the integrated solar radiation for an analysis of the delayed ionospheric response in order to confirm previous studies on the delay and to further specify variations of the delay (seasonal and spatial). Results also indicate the dependence on the geomagnetic activity as well as on the 11-year solar cycle. The results are important for the understanding of ionospheric processes and could be used for the validation of ionospheric models.