Articles | Volume 41, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-93-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-93-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
14 Feb 2023
Regular paper |
| 14 Feb 2023
| 14 Feb 2023
Modulation of polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSEs) with high-frequency heating during low solar illumination
Tinna L. Gunnarsdottir
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Arne Poggenpohl
Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Physics Faculty, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Ingrid Mann
Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Alireza Mahmoudian
Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Peter Dalin
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, IRF, Kiruna, Sweden
Ingemar Haeggstroem
EISCAT Scientific Association, Kiruna, Sweden
Michael Rietveld
EISCAT Scientific Association, Ramfjord, Norway
Related authors
Tinna L. Gunnarsdottir, Ingrid Mann, Wuhu Feng, Devin R. Huyghebaert, Ingemar Haeggstroem, Yasunobu Ogawa, Norihito Saito, Satonori Nozawa, and Takuya D. Kawahara
Ann. Geophys., 42, 213–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-213-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-213-2024, 2024
Short summary
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Several tons of meteoric particles burn up in our atmosphere each day. This deposits a great deal of material that binds with other atmospheric particles and forms so-called meteoric smoke particles. These particles are assumed to influence radar measurements. Here, we have compared radar measurements with simulations of a radar spectrum with and without dust particles and found that dust influences the radar spectrum in the altitude range of 75–85 km.
Dorota Jozwicki, Puneet Sharma, Devin Huyghebaert, and Ingrid Mann
Ann. Geophys., 42, 431–453, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-431-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-431-2024, 2024
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We investigated the relationship between polar mesospheric summer echo (PMSE) layers and the solar cycle. Our results indicate that the average altitude of PMSEs, the echo power in the PMSEs and the thickness of the layers are, on average, higher during the solar maximum than during the solar minimum. We infer that higher electron densities at ionospheric altitudes might be necessary to observe multilayered PMSEs. We observe that the thickness decreases as the number of multilayers increases.
Adrien Pineau, Henriette Trollvik, Herman Greaker, Sveinung Olsen, Yngve Eilertsen, and Ingrid Mann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3843–3861, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3843-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3843-2024, 2024
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The mesosphere, part of the upper atmosphere, contains small solid dust particles, mostly made up of material from interplanetary space. We are preparing an experiment to collect such particles during a rocket flight. A new instrument has been designed and numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the airflow nearby as well as its dust collection efficiency. The collected dust particles will be further analyzed in the laboratory in order to study their chemical composition.
Tinna L. Gunnarsdottir, Ingrid Mann, Wuhu Feng, Devin R. Huyghebaert, Ingemar Haeggstroem, Yasunobu Ogawa, Norihito Saito, Satonori Nozawa, and Takuya D. Kawahara
Ann. Geophys., 42, 213–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-213-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-213-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Several tons of meteoric particles burn up in our atmosphere each day. This deposits a great deal of material that binds with other atmospheric particles and forms so-called meteoric smoke particles. These particles are assumed to influence radar measurements. Here, we have compared radar measurements with simulations of a radar spectrum with and without dust particles and found that dust influences the radar spectrum in the altitude range of 75–85 km.
Samuel Kočiščák, Andreas Kvammen, Ingrid Mann, Nicole Meyer-Vernet, David Píša, Jan Souček, Audun Theodorsen, Jakub Vaverka, and Arnaud Zaslavsky
Ann. Geophys., 42, 191–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-191-2024, 2024
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In situ observations are crucial for understanding interplanetary dust, yet not every spacecraft has a dedicated dust detector. Dust encounters happen at great speeds, leading to high energy density at impact, which leads to ionization and charge release, which is detected with electrical antennas. Our work looks at how the transient charge plume interacts with Solar Orbiter spacecraft. Our findings are relevant for the design of future experiments and the understanding of present data.
Peter Dalin, Urban Brändström, Johan Kero, Peter Voelger, Takanori Nishiyama, Trond Trondsen, Devin Wyatt, Craig Unick, Vladimir Perminov, Nikolay Pertsev, and Jonas Hedin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1561–1576, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1561-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1561-2024, 2024
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A novel infrared imaging instrument (OH imager) was put into operation in November 2022 at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics in Kiruna (Sweden). The OH imager is dedicated to the study of nightglow emissions coming from the hydroxyl (OH) and molecular oxygen (O2) layers in the mesopause (80–100 km). Based on a brightness ratio of two OH emission lines, the neutral temperature is estimated at around 87 km. The average daily winter temperature for the period January–April 2023 is 203±10 K.
Thomas B. Leyser, Tima Sergienko, Urban Brändström, Björn Gustavsson, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 41, 589–600, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-589-2023, 2023
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Powerful radio waves transmitted into the ionosphere from the ground were used to study electron energization in the pumped ionospheric plasma turbulence, by detecting optical emissions from atomic oxygen. Our results obtained with the EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) facilities in northern Norway and optical detection with the ALIS (Auroral Large Imaging System) in northern Sweden suggest that long-wavelength upper hybrid waves are important in accelerating electrons.
Florian Günzkofer, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Gunter Stober, Ingrid Mann, Sharon L. Vadas, Erich Becker, Anders Tjulin, Alexander Kozlovsky, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Evgenia Belova, Johan Kero, Nicholas J. Mitchell, and Claudia Borries
Ann. Geophys., 41, 409–428, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-409-2023, 2023
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Gravity waves (GWs) are waves in Earth's atmosphere and can be observed as cloud ripples. Under certain conditions, these waves can propagate up into the ionosphere. Here, they can cause ripples in the ionosphere plasma, observable as oscillations of the plasma density. Therefore, GWs contribute to the ionospheric variability, making them relevant for space weather prediction. Additionally, the behavior of these waves allows us to draw conclusions about the atmosphere at these altitudes.
Andreas Kvammen, Kristoffer Wickstrøm, Samuel Kociscak, Jakub Vaverka, Libor Nouzak, Arnaud Zaslavsky, Kristina Rackovic Babic, Amalie Gjelsvik, David Pisa, Jan Soucek, and Ingrid Mann
Ann. Geophys., 41, 69–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-69-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-69-2023, 2023
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Collisional fragmentation of asteroids, comets and meteoroids is the main source of dust in the solar system. The dust distribution is however uncharted and the role of dust in the solar system is largely unknown. At present, the interplanetary medium is explored by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. We present a novel method, based on artificial intelligence, that can be used for detecting dust impacts in Solar Orbiter observations with high accuracy, advancing the study of dust in the solar system.
Kyoko K. Tanaka, Ingrid Mann, and Yuki Kimura
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5639–5650, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5639-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5639-2022, 2022
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We have investigated the nucleation process of noctilucent clouds observed in the mesosphere using a theoretical approach, where we adopt a more accurate model called the semi-phenomenological model for the nucleation process. We obtained an important result that rejects one of the two dominant nucleation mechanisms that have been proposed. Our results show it is extremely difficult for homogeneous nucleation of water to occur in the mesosphere, while heterogeneous nucleation occurs effectively.
Margaretha Myrvang, Carsten Baumann, and Ingrid Mann
Ann. Geophys., 39, 1055–1068, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1055-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1055-2021, 2021
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Our model calculations indicate that meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) influence both the magnitude and shape of the electron temperature during artificial heating. Others have found that current theoretical models most likely overestimate heating in the D-region compared to observations. In a future study, we will compare our results to observations of the electron temperature during heating to investigate if the presence of MSPs can explain the discrepancy between model and observations.
Tarjei Antonsen, Ingrid Mann, Jakub Vaverka, Libor Nouzak, and Åshild Fredriksen
Ann. Geophys., 39, 533–548, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-533-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-533-2021, 2021
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This paper discusses the charge generation for impacts of nano- to micro-scale dust on metal surfaces at speeds below a few kilometres per second. By introducing a model of capacitive coupling between the dust and the impact surface, we find that at such low speeds, the charge can be dominated by contact charging as opposed to plasma generation.
Peter Dalin, Hidehiko Suzuki, Nikolay Pertsev, Vladimir Perminov, Nikita Shevchuk, Egor Tsimerinov, Mark Zalcik, Jay Brausch, Tom McEwan, Iain McEachran, Martin Connors, Ian Schofield, Audrius Dubietis, Kazimieras Černis, Alexander Zadorozhny, Andrey Solodovnik, Daria Lifatova, Jesper Grønne, Ole Hansen, Holger Andersen, Dmitry Melnikov, Alexander Manevich, Nikolay Gusev, and Vitaly Romejko
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-28, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-28, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
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The 2020 summer season has revealed frequent occurrences of noctilucent clouds around the Northern hemisphere at middle latitudes (45–55° N). We have found that there has been a moderate decrease in the upper mesosphere temperature between 2016 and 2020 and no dramatic changes have been observed in temperature in the summer of 2020 at the middle latitude mesopause. At the same time, water vapor concentration has significantly increased in the zonal mean H2O value in the 2020 summer.
Joshua Baptiste, Connor Williamson, John Fox, Anthony J. Stace, Muhammad Hassan, Stefanie Braun, Benjamin Stamm, Ingrid Mann, and Elena Besley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8735–8745, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8735-2021, 2021
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Agglomeration of ice and dust particles in the mesosphere are studied, using classical electrostatic approaches which are extended to capture the induced polarisation of surface charge. The instances of strong attraction between particles of the same sign of charge are predicted, which take place at small separation distances and also lead to the formation of stable aggregates.
Viswanathan Lakshmi Narayanan, Satonori Nozawa, Shin-Ichiro Oyama, Ingrid Mann, Kazuo Shiokawa, Yuichi Otsuka, Norihito Saito, Satoshi Wada, Takuya D. Kawahara, and Toru Takahashi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2343–2361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2343-2021, 2021
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In the past, additional sodium peaks occurring above the main sodium layer of the upper mesosphere were discussed. Here, formation of an additional sodium peak below the main sodium layer peak is discussed in detail. The event coincided with passage of multiple mesospheric bores, which are step-like disturbances occurring in the upper mesosphere. Hence, this work highlights the importance of such mesospheric bores in causing significant changes to the minor species concentration in a short time.
Alireza Mahmoudian, Mike J. Kosch, Wayne A. Scales, Michael T. Rietveld, and Henry Pinedo
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-81, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-81, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
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The polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) are very strong radar echoes observed in the frequency range of 2 MHz up to 1 GHz. Such radar echoes are attributed to the ice clouds formed in the mesosphere and are widely believed to link to global climate change. PMSEs are coherent echoes produced by plasma density fluctuations at half the radar wavelengts. This paper investigates the unresolved problem of short durability of plasma fluctuations at smaller wavelengths in upper atmospheric physics.
Michael T. Rietveld and Andrew Senior
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1101–1113, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1101-2020, 2020
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We provide an explanation for mysterious radar echoes that look like increases in electron density during incoherent scatter radar measurements made when a high-power high-frequency (4–8 MHz) radio wave is transmitted up into the ionosphere. These echoes are seen at heights from about 200 to 650 km. We suggest that radar echoes at 930 MHz are guided along the earth's magnetic field by electron density irregularities created by the powerful radio wave, similar to light in an optical fibre.
Carsten Baumann, Margaretha Myrvang, and Ingrid Mann
Ann. Geophys., 38, 919–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-919-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-919-2020, 2020
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Dust grains exist throughout our solar system. This dust is subject to destruction processes like sublimation and sputtering. Sputtering is the erosion of dust through the impact solar wind and can be very effective near the Sun. We performed calculations to find out how important the sputtering process is compared to the sublimation of dust. Recently launched spacecraft will probe the proximity of the Sun and measure the dust population. Our work will help to understand these measurements.
Henriette Trollvik, Ingrid Mann, Sveinung Olsen, and Yngve Eilertsen
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-278, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-278, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
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We discuss the design of a rocket instrument to collect mesospheric dust consisting of ice with embedded non-volatile meteoric smoke particles. The instrument consists of a collection device and an attached conic funnel. We consider the dust trajectories in the airflow and fragmentation at the funnel. For summer atmospheric conditions at 85 km and assuming that the ice components vaporize we estimate that up to 1014 to 1015 amu of non-volatile dust material can be collected.
Thomas B. Leyser, Björn Gustavsson, Theresa Rexer, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 38, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-297-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-297-2020, 2020
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Powerful radio waves transmitted into the ionosphere give the strongest turbulence effects in geomagnetic zenith, antiparallel to the magnetic field in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results obtained with the EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATter association) Heating facility in Norway and the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar together with modelling suggest that the pump wave propagates in the L mode, rather than in the O mode that is usually assumed to be involved in such experiments.
Peter Dalin, Nikolay Pertsev, Vladimir Perminov, Denis Efremov, and Vitaly Romejko
Ann. Geophys., 38, 61–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-61-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-61-2020, 2020
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A unique stratospheric balloon-borne observation of noctilucent clouds (NLCs) was performed at night on 5–6 July 2018. A sounding balloon, carrying the NLC camera, reached 20.4 km altitude. NLCs were observed from the stratosphere at large scales (100–1500 km) for the first time. Propagations of gravity waves of various scales were registered. This experiment is rather simple and can be reproduced by the broad geoscience community and amateurs, providing a new technique in NLC observations.
Ingrid Mann, Libor Nouzák, Jakub Vaverka, Tarjei Antonsen, Åshild Fredriksen, Karine Issautier, David Malaspina, Nicole Meyer-Vernet, Jiří Pavlů, Zoltan Sternovsky, Joan Stude, Shengyi Ye, and Arnaud Zaslavsky
Ann. Geophys., 37, 1121–1140, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1121-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1121-2019, 2019
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This work presents a review of dust measurements from spacecraft Cassini, STEREO, MMS, Cluster, Maven and WIND. We also consider the details of dust impacts and charge generation, and how different antenna signals can be generated. We compare observational data to laboratory experiments and simulations and discuss the consequences for dust observation with the new NASA Parker Solar Probe and ESA Solar Orbiter spacecraft.
Jun Wu, Jian Wu, Michael T. Rietveld, Ingemar Haggstrom, Haisheng Zhao, Tong Xu, and Zhengwen Xu
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2019-23, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2019-23, 2019
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Thomas B. Leyser, H. Gordon James, Björn Gustavsson, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 36, 243–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-243-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-243-2018, 2018
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Transmission of powerful radio waves into the overhead ionosphere is used to study plasma turbulence processes. It is well known that the ionospheric response to radio waves is the strongest in the direction of the geomagnetic field. We have found evidence that the transmitted radio wave can propagate in a mode that enables the wave to propagate much higher in altitude and deeper into the ionosphere than what is usually expected, which may account for the strong plasma response observed.
Nickolay Ivchenko, Nicola M. Schlatter, Hanna Dahlgren, Yasunobu Ogawa, Yuka Sato, and Ingemar Häggström
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1143–1149, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1143-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1143-2017, 2017
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Photo-electrons and secondary electrons from particle precipitation enhance the incoherent scatter plasma line to levels sufficient for detection. A plasma line gives an accurate measure of the electron density and can be used to estimate electron temperature. The occurrence of plasma line enhancements in the EISCAT Svalbard Radar data was investigated. During summer daytime hours the plasma line is detectable in up to 90 % of the data. In winter time the occurrence is a few percent.
H. Gunell, L. Andersson, J. De Keyser, and I. Mann
Ann. Geophys., 33, 1331–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1331-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1331-2015, 2015
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In a simulation study of the downward current region of the aurora, i.e. where electrons are accelerated upward, double layers are seen to form at low altitude and move upward until they are disrupted at altitudes of ten thousand kilometres or thereabouts. When one double layer is disrupted a new one forms below, and the process repeats itself. The repeated demise and reformation allows ions to flow upward without passing through the double layers that otherwise would have kept them down.
H. Y. Fu, W. A. Scales, P. A. Bernhardt, S. J. Briczinski, M. J. Kosch, A. Senior, M. T. Rietveld, T. K. Yeoman, and J. M. Ruohoniemi
Ann. Geophys., 33, 983–990, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-983-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-983-2015, 2015
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This paper reports the first experimental observation of stimulated Brillouin scattering near the third electron gyro-harmonic induced by high-frequency, high-power radio waves at EISCAT. The stimulated Brillouin scattering has also been correlated with simultaneous observations of the
field-aligned irregularities and electron temperature. The observed stimulated Brillouin scattering becomes enhanced for pumping near electron gyro-harmonics.
O. Havnes, H. Pinedo, C. La Hoz, A. Senior, T. W. Hartquist, M. T. Rietveld, and M. J. Kosch
Ann. Geophys., 33, 737–747, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-737-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-737-2015, 2015
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Noctilucent clouds were observed by two radars at different wavelengths. Artificial electron heating was applied. As predicted by modelling, there is a general difference between the observations by the two radars. However, for some heater cycles we observed an exceptionally strong, rapid and similar increase in backscatter for both radars when the heater was on. Models predict a considerable difference in reaction. Our observation indicate that the charging models may not be complete.
H. Gunell, L. Andersson, J. De Keyser, and I. Mann
Ann. Geophys., 33, 279–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-279-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-279-2015, 2015
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In this paper, we simulate the plasma on a magnetic field line above the aurora. Initially, about half of the acceleration voltage is concentrated in a thin double layer at a few thousand km altitude. When the voltage is lowered, electrons trapped between the double layer and the magnetic mirror are released. In the process we see formation of electron beams and phase space holes. A temporary reversal of the polarity of the double layer is also seen as well as hysteresis effects in its position.
V. Barabash, A. Osepian, and P. Dalin
Ann. Geophys., 32, 207–222, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-207-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-207-2014, 2014
H. Gunell, J. De Keyser, E. Gamby, and I. Mann
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1227–1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1227-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1227-2013, 2013
N. M. Schlatter, N. Ivchenko, B. Gustavsson, T. Leyser, and M. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1103–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1103-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1103-2013, 2013
S. Kirkwood, E. Belova, P. Dalin, M. Mihalikova, D. Mikhaylova, D. Murtagh, H. Nilsson, K. Satheesan, J. Urban, and I. Wolf
Ann. Geophys., 31, 333–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-333-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-333-2013, 2013
A. Réchou, J. Arnault, P. Dalin, and S. Kirkwood
Ann. Geophys., 31, 239–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-239-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-239-2013, 2013
I. Mann and M. Hamrin
Ann. Geophys., 31, 39–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-39-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-39-2013, 2013
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Short summary
Temperatures at 85 km around Earth's poles in summer can be so cold that small ice particles form. These can become charged, and, combined with turbulence at these altitudes, they can influence the many electrons present. This can cause large radar echoes called polar mesospheric summer echoes. We use radio waves to heat these echoes on and off when the sun is close to or below the horizon. This allows us to gain some insight into these ice particles and how the sun influences the echoes.
Temperatures at 85 km around Earth's poles in summer can be so cold that small ice particles...
