The Earth’s upper atmospheres are dominated by matter also known as plasma. These plasmas can flow from the lower region, the ionosphere, to the further-up region, the magnetosphere, which is described as upwelling. We analyse data for ionospheric upwelling over the solar minimum period. A main finding is that the noise or rejected data in the dataset were predominant around the local evening and in winter and minimum around local noon and in summer.

At times when auroras erupt on the sky, the magnetic field surrounding the Earth undergoes rapid changes. On the ground, these changes can induce harmful electric currents in technological conductor networks, such as powerlines. We have used magnetic field observations from northern Europe during 28 such events and found consistent behavior that can help to understand, and thus predict, the processes that drive auroras and geomagnetically induced currents.

Transverse electric fields transmitted from the magnetosphere and those generated by the neutral winds yield a local breakdown of the charge neutrality at the boundaries between the thermosphere and mesosphere. The breakdown may create parallel electric fields in the thermosphere to produce spiral auroras and outflows. This explanation supposes an auroral generator located not in a distant space, but rather in our much nearer upper atmosphere.

The solar wind interaction with Earth’s magnetic field deposits energy into the upper portion of the atmosphere at high latitudes. The coupling process that modulates the ionospheric convection and intensity of ionospheric currents leads to formation of densely ionized patches convecting across the polar cap. The ionospheric currents launch traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) propagating equatorward. The polar cap patches and TIDs are then observed by networks of radars and GPS receivers.

Using the Digisonde data this paper shows that the small variation in the geomagnetic activity during low solar activity can affect both the parameter of height and the frequency of the intermediate layer (ILs) over the low-latitude Brazilian sector. The most expressive responses of the ILs to geomagnetic activity were observed during the summer when the height of the ILs suffered a significant decrease with the increase of the magnetic activity magnetic in the first hours of the day.