Articles | Volume 41, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-569-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-569-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
12 Dec 2023
Regular paper |
| 12 Dec 2023
| 12 Dec 2023
Revisiting mirror modes in the plasma environment of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Ariel Tello Fallau
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, University of Chile, Beauchef 850, Santiago, Chile
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago, Chile
Charlotte Goetz
Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ Noordwijk, the Netherlands
Cyril Simon Wedlund
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
Martin Volwerk
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
Anja Moeslinger
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, 981 28 Kiruna, Sweden
Related authors
No articles found.
Martin Volwerk, Cyril Simon Wedlund, David Mautner, Sebastián Rojas Mata, Gabriella Stenberg Wieser, Yoshifumi Futaana, Christian Mazelle, Diana Rojas-Castillo, César Bertucci, and Magda Delva
Ann. Geophys., 41, 389–408, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-389-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Freshly created ions in solar wind start gyrating around the interplanetary magnetic field. When they cross the bow shock, they get an extra kick, and this increases the plasma pressure against the magnetic pressure. This leads to the creation of so-called mirror modes, regions where the magnetic field decreases in strength and the plasma density increases. These structures help in exploring how energy is transferred from the ions to the magnetic field and where around Venus this is happening.
Cyril Simon Wedlund, Martin Volwerk, Christian Mazelle, Sebastián Rojas Mata, Gabriella Stenberg Wieser, Yoshifumi Futaana, Jasper Halekas, Diana Rojas-Castillo, César Bertucci, and Jared Espley
Ann. Geophys., 41, 225–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-225-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-225-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mirror modes are magnetic bottles found in the space plasma environment of planets contributing to the energy exchange with the solar wind. We use magnetic field measurements from the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission to detect them around Mars and show how they evolve in time and space. The structures concentrate in two regions: one behind the bow shock and the other closer to the planet. They compete with other wave modes depending on the solar flux and heliocentric distance.
Martin Volwerk, Beatriz Sánchez-Cano, Daniel Heyner, Sae Aizawa, Nicolas André, Ali Varsani, Johannes Mieth, Stefano Orsini, Wolfgang Baumjohann, David Fischer, Yoshifumi Futaana, Richard Harrison, Harald Jeszenszky, Iwai Kazumasa, Gunter Laky, Herbert Lichtenegger, Anna Milillo, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Rumi Nakamura, Ferdinand Plaschke, Ingo Richter, Sebastián Rojas Mata, Yoshifumi Saito, Daniel Schmid, Daikou Shiota, and Cyril Simon Wedlund
Ann. Geophys., 39, 811–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-811-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
On 15 October 2020, BepiColombo used Venus as a gravity assist to change its orbit to reach Mercury in late 2021. During this passage of Venus, the spacecraft entered into Venus's magnetotail at a distance of 70 Venus radii from the planet. We have studied the magnetic field and plasma data and find that Venus's magnetotail is highly active. This is caused by strong activity in the solar wind, where just before the flyby a coronal mass ejection interacted with the magnetophere of Venus.
Katharina Ostaszewski, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Charlotte Goetz, Philip Heinisch, Pierre Henri, Sang A. Park, Hendrik Ranocha, Ingo Richter, Martin Rubin, and Bruce Tsurutani
Ann. Geophys., 39, 721–742, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-721-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-721-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Plasma waves are an integral part of cometary physics, as they facilitate the transfer of energy and momentum. From intermediate to strong activity, nonlinear asymmetric plasma and magnetic field enhancements dominate the inner coma of 67P/CG. We present a statistical survey of these structures from December 2014 to June 2016, facilitated by Rosetta's unprecedented long mission duration. Using a 1D MHD model, we show they can be described as a combination of nonlinear and dissipative effects.
Daniel Schmid, Yasuhito Narita, Ferdinand Plaschke, Martin Volwerk, Rumi Nakamura, and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 39, 563–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we present the first analytical magnetosheath plasma flow model for the space environment around Mercury. The proposed model is relatively simple to implement and provides the possibility to trace the flow lines inside the Hermean magnetosheath. It can help to determine the the local plasma conditions of a spacecraft in the magnetosheath exclusively on the basis of the upstream solar wind parameters.
Charlotte Goetz, Herbert Gunell, Fredrik Johansson, Kristie LLera, Hans Nilsson, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, and Matthew G. G. T. Taylor
Ann. Geophys., 39, 379–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Boundaries in the plasma around comet 67P separate regions with different properties. Many have been identified, including a new boundary called an infant bow shock. Here, we investigate how the plasma and fields behave at this boundary and where it can be found. The main result is that the infant bow shock occurs at intermediate activity and intermediate distances to the comet. Most plasma parameters behave as expected; however, some inconsistencies indicate that the boundary is non-stationary.
Martin Volwerk, David Mautner, Cyril Simon Wedlund, Charlotte Goetz, Ferdinand Plaschke, Tomas Karlsson, Daniel Schmid, Diana Rojas-Castillo, Owen W. Roberts, and Ali Varsani
Ann. Geophys., 39, 239–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The magnetic field in the solar wind is not constant but varies in direction and strength. One of these variations shows a strong local reduction of the magnetic field strength and is called a magnetic hole. These holes are usually an indication that there is, or has been, a temperature difference in the plasma of the solar wind, with the temperature along the magnetic field lower than perpendicular. The MMS spacecraft data have been used to study the characteristics of these holes near Earth.
Herbert Gunell, Charlotte Goetz, Elias Odelstad, Arnaud Beth, Maria Hamrin, Pierre Henri, Fredrik L. Johansson, Hans Nilsson, and Gabriella Stenberg Wieser
Ann. Geophys., 39, 53–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-53-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-53-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
When the magnetised solar wind meets the plasma surrounding a comet, the magnetic field is enhanced in front of the comet, and the field lines are draped around it. This happens because electric currents are induced in the plasma. When these currents flow through the plasma, they can generate waves. In this article we present observations of ion acoustic waves, which is a kind of sound wave in the plasma, detected by instruments on the Rosetta spacecraft near comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
Daniel Schmid, Ferdinand Plaschke, Yasuhito Narita, Daniel Heyner, Johannes Z. D. Mieth, Brian J. Anderson, Martin Volwerk, Ayako Matsuoka, and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 38, 823–832, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-823-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, the two-spacecraft mission BepiColombo was launched to explore Mercury. To measure the magnetic field precisely, in-flight calibration of the magnetometer offset is needed. Usually, the offset is evaluated from magnetic field observations in the solar wind. Since one of the spacecraft will remain within Mercury's magnetic environment, we examine an alternative calibration method. We show that this method is applicable and may be a valuable tool to determine the offset accurately.
Guoqiang Wang, Tielong Zhang, Mingyu Wu, Daniel Schmid, Yufei Hao, and Martin Volwerk
Ann. Geophys., 38, 309–318, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-309-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-309-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Currents are believed to exist in mirror-mode structures and to be self-consistent with the magnetic field depression. Bipolar currents are found in two ion-scale magnetic dips. The bipolar current in a small-size magnetic dip is mainly contributed by electron velocities, which is mainly formed by the magnetic gradient–curvature drift. For another large-size magnetic dip, the bipolar current is mainly caused by an ion bipolar velocity, which can be explained by the ion drift motions.
Martin Volwerk, Charlotte Goetz, Ferdinand Plaschke, Tomas Karlsson, Daniel Heyner, and Brian Anderson
Ann. Geophys., 38, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-51-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-51-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The magnetic field that is carried by the solar wind slowly decreases in strength as it moves further from the Sun. However, there are sometimes localized decreases in the magnetic field strength, called magnetic holes. These are small structures where the magnetic field strength decreases to less than 50 % of the surroundings and the plasma density increases. This paper presents a statistical study of the behaviour of these holes between Mercury and Venus using MESSENGER data.
Martin Volwerk
Ann. Geophys., 36, 831–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-831-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-831-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using Voyager 1 observations of Jupiter's Io plasma torus, we have determined the location of maximum brightness depending on longitude and the location of Jupiter’s moon Io. We obtain a third viewing direction of the torus (after Voyager 2 and ground observations) and thus two locations, left and right of Jupiter, which are important for the correct modeling of this structure. We also find that a narrow ribbon-like structure only appears when the brightness of the torus exceeds a certain value.
Sudong Xiao, Tielong Zhang, Guoqiang Wang, Martin Volwerk, Yasong Ge, Daniel Schmid, Rumi Nakamura, Wolfgang Baumjohann, and Ferdinand Plaschke
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1015–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1015-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1015-2017, 2017
Martin Volwerk, Daniel Schmid, Bruce T. Tsurutani, Magda Delva, Ferdinand Plaschke, Yasuhito Narita, Tielong Zhang, and Karl-Heinz Glassmeier
Ann. Geophys., 34, 1099–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1099-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1099-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The behaviour of mirror mode waves in Venus's magnetosheath is investigated for solar minimum and maximum conditions. It is shown that the total observational rate of these waves does not change much; however, the distribution over the magnetosheath is significantly different, as well as the growth and decay of the waves during these different solar activity conditions.
Ingo Richter, Hans-Ulrich Auster, Gerhard Berghofer, Chris Carr, Emanuele Cupido, Karl-Heinz Fornaçon, Charlotte Goetz, Philip Heinisch, Christoph Koenders, Bernd Stoll, Bruce T. Tsurutani, Claire Vallat, Martin Volwerk, and Karl-Heinz Glassmeier
Ann. Geophys., 34, 609–622, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-609-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-609-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the magnetic field measurements performed on the ROSETTA orbiter and the lander PHILAE during PHILAE's descent to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014. We observed a new type of low-frequency wave with amplitudes of ~ 3 nT, frequencies of 20–50 mHz, wavelengths of ~ 300 km, and propagation velocities of ~ 6 km s−1. The waves are generated in a ~ 100 km region around the comet a show a highly correlated behaviour, which could only be determined by two-point observations.
M. Volwerk, I. Richter, B. Tsurutani, C. Götz, K. Altwegg, T. Broiles, J. Burch, C. Carr, E. Cupido, M. Delva, M. Dósa, N. J. T. Edberg, A. Eriksson, P. Henri, C. Koenders, J.-P. Lebreton, K. E. Mandt, H. Nilsson, A. Opitz, M. Rubin, K. Schwingenschuh, G. Stenberg Wieser, K. Szegö, C. Vallat, X. Vallieres, and K.-H. Glassmeier
Ann. Geophys., 34, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind magnetic field drapes around the active nucleus of comet 67P/CG, creating a magnetosphere. The solar wind density increases and with that the pressure, which compresses the magnetosphere, increasing the magnetic field strength near Rosetta. The higher solar wind density also creates more ionization through collisions with the gas from the comet. The new ions are picked-up by the magnetic field and generate mirror-mode waves, creating low-field high-density "bottles" near 67P/CG.
I. Richter, C. Koenders, H.-U. Auster, D. Frühauff, C. Götz, P. Heinisch, C. Perschke, U. Motschmann, B. Stoll, K. Altwegg, J. Burch, C. Carr, E. Cupido, A. Eriksson, P. Henri, R. Goldstein, J.-P. Lebreton, P. Mokashi, Z. Nemeth, H. Nilsson, M. Rubin, K. Szegö, B. T. Tsurutani, C. Vallat, M. Volwerk, and K.-H. Glassmeier
Ann. Geophys., 33, 1031–1036, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1031-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1031-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present a first report on magnetic field measurements made in the coma of comet 67P/C-G in its low-activity state. The plasma environment is dominated by quasi-coherent, large-amplitude, compressional magnetic field oscillations around 40mHz, differing from the observations at strongly active comets where waves at the cometary ion gyro-frequencies are the main feature. We propose a cross-field current instability associated with the newborn cometary ions as a possible source mechanism.
M. Volwerk, K.-H. Glassmeier, M. Delva, D. Schmid, C. Koenders, I. Richter, and K. Szegö
Ann. Geophys., 32, 1441–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1441-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1441-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss three flybys (within an 8-day time span) of comet 1P/Halley by VEGA 1, 2 and Giotto. Looking at two different plasma phenomena: mirror mode waves and field line draping; we study the differences in SW--comet interaction between these three flybys. We find that on this time scale (comparable to Rosetta's orbits) there is a significant difference, both caused by changing outgassing rate of the comet and changes in the solar wind. We discuss implications for Rosetta RPC observations.
D. Schmid, M. Volwerk, F. Plaschke, Z. Vörös, T. L. Zhang, W. Baumjohann, and Y. Narita
Ann. Geophys., 32, 651–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-651-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-651-2014, 2014
M. Volwerk, C. Koenders, M. Delva, I. Richter, K. Schwingenschuh, M. S. Bentley, and K.-H. Glassmeier
Ann. Geophys., 31, 2201–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2201-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2201-2013, 2013
M. Volwerk, N. André, C. S. Arridge, C. M. Jackman, X. Jia, S. E. Milan, A. Radioti, M. F. Vogt, A. P. Walsh, R. Nakamura, A. Masters, and C. Forsyth
Ann. Geophys., 31, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-817-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-817-2013, 2013
M. Volwerk, X. Jia, C. Paranicas, W. S. Kurth, M. G. Kivelson, and K. K. Khurana
Ann. Geophys., 31, 45–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-45-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-45-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Magnetosphere & space plasma physics | Keywords: Plasma waves and instabilities
Statistical study and corresponding evolution of plasmaspheric plumes under different levels of geomagnetic storms
Statistical study of linear magnetic hole structures near Earth
Resolution dependence of magnetosheath waves in global hybrid-Vlasov simulations
On the magnetic characteristics of magnetic holes in the solar wind between Mercury and Venus
Excitation of chorus with small wave normal angles due to beam pulse amplifier (BPA) mechanism in density ducts
A statistical study of the spatial distribution and source-region size of chorus waves using Van Allen Probes data
Haimeng Li, Tongxing Fu, Rongxin Tang, Zhigang Yuan, Zhanrong Yang, Zhihai Ouyang, and Xiaohua Deng
Ann. Geophys., 40, 167–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-167-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-167-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The plasmaspheric plume is an important region of detached plasma elements and provides an effective coupling channel of energy/mass between the inner magnetospheric plasmasphere and outer magnetosphere. In this study, using Van Allen Probe data, we present a statistical result of plasmaspheric plumes in the inner magnetosphere, which implies that the plumes tend to occur during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms, and the occurrence rate is larger during stronger geomagnetic activity.
Martin Volwerk, David Mautner, Cyril Simon Wedlund, Charlotte Goetz, Ferdinand Plaschke, Tomas Karlsson, Daniel Schmid, Diana Rojas-Castillo, Owen W. Roberts, and Ali Varsani
Ann. Geophys., 39, 239–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The magnetic field in the solar wind is not constant but varies in direction and strength. One of these variations shows a strong local reduction of the magnetic field strength and is called a magnetic hole. These holes are usually an indication that there is, or has been, a temperature difference in the plasma of the solar wind, with the temperature along the magnetic field lower than perpendicular. The MMS spacecraft data have been used to study the characteristics of these holes near Earth.
Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Adnane Osmane, Andreas Johlander, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Plasma waves are ubiquitous in the Earth's magnetosphere. They are responsible for many energetic processes happening in Earth's atmosphere, such as auroras. In order to understand these processes, thorough investigations of these waves are needed. We use a state-of-the-art numerical model to do so. Here we investigate the impact of different spatial resolutions in the model on these waves in order to improve in the future the model without wasting computational resources.
Martin Volwerk, Charlotte Goetz, Ferdinand Plaschke, Tomas Karlsson, Daniel Heyner, and Brian Anderson
Ann. Geophys., 38, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-51-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-51-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The magnetic field that is carried by the solar wind slowly decreases in strength as it moves further from the Sun. However, there are sometimes localized decreases in the magnetic field strength, called magnetic holes. These are small structures where the magnetic field strength decreases to less than 50 % of the surroundings and the plasma density increases. This paper presents a statistical study of the behaviour of these holes between Mercury and Venus using MESSENGER data.
Peter A. Bespalov and Olga N. Savina
Ann. Geophys., 37, 819–824, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-819-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-819-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper discusses a problem concerned with the excitation of chorus with small wave normal angles along the external magnetic field in the magnetosphere. We examine the realisation of the beam pulse amplifier mechanism of chorus excitation without strong anisotropy of the plasma particle distribution function in the density ducts with refractive reflection. It is shown that in the ducts, discrete spectral elements of chorus can be excited at close to half of the electron cyclotron frequency.
Shangchun Teng, Xin Tao, Wen Li, Yi Qi, Xinliang Gao, Lei Dai, Quanming Lu, and Shui Wang
Ann. Geophys., 36, 867–878, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-867-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-867-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper performs a statistical study of the spatial distribution and source region size along a filed line of both rising tone and falling tone whistler waves based on the Van Allen Probes data. The results suggest that both types of chorus waves are generated near the equatorial plane, roughly consistent with previous theoretical estimates. The work should be useful to further understand the generation mechanism of chorus waves.
Cited articles
Ahmadi, N., Germaschewski, K., and Raeder, J.: Simulation of magnetic holes formation in the magnetosheath, Phys. Plasmas, 24, 122121, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5003017, 2017. a
Alho, M., Jarvinen, R., Simon Wedlund, C., Nilsson, H., Kallio, E., and Pulkkinen, T. I.: Remote sensing of cometary bow shocks: modelled asymmetric outgassing and pickup ion observations, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 506, 4735–4749, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1940, 2021. a
André, M., Odelstad, E., Graham, D. B., Eriksson, A. I., Karlsson, T., Stenberg Wieser, G., Vigren, E., Norgren, C., Johansson, F. L., Henri, P., Rubin, M., and Richter, I.: Lower hybrid waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 469, S29–S38, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx868, 2017. a
Balsiger, H., Altwegg, K., Bochsler, P., Eberhardt, P., Fischer, J., Graf, S., Jäckel, A., Kopp, E., Langer, U., Mildner, M., Müller, J., Riesen, T., Rubin, M., Scherer, S., Wurz, P., Wüthrich, S., Arijs, E., Delanoye, S., De Keyser, J., Neefs, E., Nevejans, D., Rème, H., Aoustin, C., Mazelle, C., Médale, J.-L., Sauvaud, J. A., Berthelier, J.-J., Bertaux, J.-L., Duvet, L., Illiano, J.-M., Fuselier, S. A., Ghielmetti, A. G., Magoncelli, T., Shelley, E. G., Korth, A., Heerlein, K., Lauche, H., Livi, S., Loose, A., Mall, U., Wilken, B., Gliem, F., Fiethe, B., Gombosi, T. I., Block, B., Carignan, G. R., Fisk, L. A., Waite, J. H., Young, D. T., and Wollnik, H.: Rosina Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis, Space Sci. Rev., 128, 745–801, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-8335-3, 2007. a
Baumgärtel, K.: Soliton approach to magnetic holes, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 28295–28308, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA900393, 1999. a
Bavassano Cattaneo, M. B., Basile, C., Moreno, G., and Richardson, J. D.: Evolution of mirror structures in the magnetosheath of Saturn from the bow shock to the magnetopause, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11961–11972, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA03683, 1998. a, b, c
Breuillard, H., Henri, P., Bucciantini, L., Volwerk, M., Karlsson, T., Eriksson, A., Johansson, F., Odelstad, E., Richter, I., Goetz, C., Vallières, X., and Hajra, R.: The properties of the singing comet waves in the 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko plasma environment as observed by the Rosetta mission, Astron. Astrophys., 630, A39, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834876, 2019. a
Eriksson, A. I., Boström, R., Gill, R., Åhlén, L., Jansson, S.-E., Wahlund, J.-E., André, M., Mälkki, A., Holtet, J. A., Lybekk, B., Pedersen, A., and Blomberg, L. G.: RPC-LAP: The Rosetta Langmuir Probe Instrument, Space Sci. Rev., 128, 729–744, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9003-3, 2007. a, b
Génot, V., Schwartz, S. J., Mazelle, C., Balikhin, M., Dunlop, M., and Bauer, T. M.: Kinetic study of the mirror mode, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 21611–21622, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000457, 2001. a, b
Génot, V., Budnik, E., Hellinger, P., Passot, T., Belmont, G., Trávníček, P. M., Sulem, P.-L., Lucek, E., and Dandouras, I.: Mirror structures above and below the linear instability threshold: Cluster observations, fluid model and hybrid simulations, Ann. Geophys., 27, 601–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-601-2009, 2009a. a
Génot, V., Budnik, E., Jacquey, C., Dandouras, I., and Lucek, E.: Mirror Modes Observed with Cluster in the Earth's Magnetosheath: Statistical Study and IMF/Solar Wind Dependence, Adv. Geosci., 14, 263–283, https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812836205_0019, 2009b. a
Génot, V., Broussillou, L., Budnik, E., Hellinger, P., Trávníček, P. M., Lucek, E., and Dandouras, I.: Timing mirror structures observed by Cluster with a magnetosheath flow model, Ann. Geophys., 29, 1849–1860, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1849-2011, 2011. a, b
Glassmeier, K.-H. and Neubauer, F. M.: Low-frequency electromagnetic plasma waves at comet P/Grigg-Skjellerup: Overview and spectral characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20921–20936, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02583, 1993. a
Glassmeier, K.-H., Motschmann, U., Mazelle, C., Neubauer, F. M., Sauer, K., Fuselier, S. A., and Acuña, M. H.: Mirror modes and fast magnetoacoustic waves near the magnetic pileup boundary of comet P/Halley, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20955–20964, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02582, 1993. a, b, c
Glassmeier, K.-H., Boehnhardt, H., Koschny, D., Kührt, E., and Richter, I.: The Rosetta Mission: Flying Towards the Origin of the Solar System, Space Sci. Rev., 128, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9140-8, 2007a. a
Glassmeier, K.-H., Richter, I., Diedrich, A., Musmann, G., Auster, U., Motschmann, U., Balogh, A., Carr, C., Cupido, E., Coates, A., Rother, M., Schwingenschuh, K., Szegö, K., and Tsurutani, B.: RPC-MAG The Fluxgate Magnetometer in the ROSETTA Plasma Consortium, Space Sci. Rev., 128, 649–670, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9114-x, 2007b. a
Goetz, C., Koenders, C., Hansen, K. C., Burch, J., Carr, C., Eriksson, A., Frühauff, D., Güttler, C., Henri, P., Nilsson, H., Richter, I., Rubin, M., Sierks, H., Tsurutani, B., Volwerk, M., and Glassmeier, K. H.: Structure and evolution of the diamagnetic cavity at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 462, S459–S467, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3148, 2016. a, b, c
Goetz, C., Volwerk, M., Richter, I., and Glassmeier, K.-H.: Evolution of the magnetic field at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 469, S268–S275, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1570, 2017. a
Goetz, C., Plaschke, F., and Taylor, M. G. G. T.: Singing Comet Waves in a Solar Wind Convective Electric Field Frame, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087418, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087418, 2020. a
Goetz, C., Gunell, H., Johansson, F., LLera, K., Nilsson, H., Glassmeier, K.-H., and Taylor, M. G. G. T.: Warm protons at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko – implications for the infant bow shock, Ann. Geophys., 39, 379–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-379-2021, 2021. a
Goetz, C., Behar, E., Beth, A., Bodewits, D., Bromley, S., Burch, J., Deca, J., Divin, A., Eriksson, A. I., Feldman, P. D., Galand, M., Gunell, H., Henri, P., Heritier, K., Jones, G. H., Mandt, K. E., Nilsson, H., Noonan, J. W., Odelstad, E., Parker, J. W., Rubin, M., Simon Wedlund, C., Stephenson, P., Taylor, M. G. G. T., Vigren, E., Vines, S. K., and Volwerk, M.: The Plasma Environment of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Space Sci. Rev., 218, 65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-022-00931-1, 2022. a, b
Gunell, H., Nilsson, H., Hamrin, M., Eriksson, A., Odelstad, E., Maggiolo, R., Henri, P., Vallières, X., Altwegg, K., Tzou, C.-Y., Rubin, M., Glassmeier, K.-H., Stenberg Wieser, G., Simon Wedlund, C., De Keyser, J., Dhooghe, F., Cessateur, G., and Gibbons, A.: Ion acoustic waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Observations and computations, Astron. Astrophys., 600, A3, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629801, 2017. a
Gunell, H., Goetz, C., Simon Wedlund, C., Lindkvist, J., Hamrin, M., Nilsson, H., Llera, K., Eriksson, A., and Holmström, M.: The infant bow shock: a new frontier at a weak activity comet, Astron. Astrophys., 619, L2, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834225, 2018. a
Hansen, K. C., Altwegg, K., Berthelier, J.-J., Bieler, A., Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Calmonte, U., Capaccioni, F., Combi, M. R., De Keyser, J., Fiethe, B., Fougere, N., Fuselier, S. A., Gasc, S., Gombosi, T. I., Huang, Z., Le Roy, L., Lee, S., Nilsson, H., Rubin, M., Shou, Y., Snodgrass, C., Tenishev, V., Toth, G., Tzou, C.-Y., Simon Wedlund, C., and Rosina Team: Evolution of water production of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: An empirical model and a multi-instrument study, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 462, S491–S506, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2413, 2016. a, b
Hasegawa, A.: Drift mirror instability of the magnetosphere, Phys. Fluid., 12, 2642–2650, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1692407, 1969. a, b, c
Hasegawa, A. and Tsurutani, B. T.: Mirror mode expansion in planetary magnetosheaths: Bohm-like diffusion, Phys. Rev. Lett., 107, 245005, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.245005, 2011. a
Haser, L.: Distribution d'intensité dans la tête d'une comète, B. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 43, 740–750, 1957. a
Karlsson, T., Trollvik, H., Raptis, S., Nilsson, H., and Madanian, H.: Solar wind magnetic holes can cross the bow shock and enter the magnetosheath, Ann. Geophys., 40, 687–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-687-2022, 2022. a
Leckband, J. A., Burgess, D., Pantellini, F. G. E., and Schwartz, S. J.: Ion distributions associated with mirror waves in the earth's magnetosheath, Adv. Space Res., 15, 345–348, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(99)80106-9, 1995. a
Lucek, E. A., Dunlop, M. W., Balogh, A., Cargill, P., Baumjohann, W., Georgescu, E., Haerendel, G., and Fornacon, G.-H.: Identification of magnetosheath mirror modes in Equator-S magnetic field data, Ann. Geophys., 17, 1560–1573, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1560-9, 1999. a
Madsen, B., Simon Wedlund, C., Eriksson, A., Goetz, C., Karlsson, T., Gunell, H., Spicher, A., Henri, P., Vallières, X., and Miloch, W. J.: Extremely low-frequency waves inside the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 3854–3864, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GL076415, 2018. a, b
Mazelle, C., Rème, H., Sauvaud, J. A., d'Uston, C., Carlson, C. W., Anderson, K. A., Curtis, D. W., Lin, R. P., Korth, A., Mendis, D. A., Neubauer, F. M., Glassmeier, K. H., and Raeder, J.: Analysis of suprathermal electron properties at the magnetic pile-up boundary of comet P/Halley, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1035–1038, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i009p01035, 1989. a, b
Mazelle, C., Belmont, G., Glassmeier, K.-H., Le Quéau, D., and Rème, H.: Ultra low frequency waves at the magnetic pile-up boundary of comet P/Halley, Adv. Space Res., 11, 73–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(91)90014-B, 1991. a, b, c, d
Midgley, J. E. and Davis, L., J.: Calculation by a Moment Technique of the Perturbation of the Geomagnetic Field by the Solar Wind, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 5111, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ068i018p05111, 1963. a
Neugebauer, M., Goldstein, B. E., Winterhalter, D., Smith, E. J., MacDowall, R. J., and Gary, S. P.: Ion distributions in large magnetic holes in the fast solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5635–5648, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000331, 2001. a
Ostaszewski, K., Glassmeier, K.-H., Goetz, C., Heinisch, P., Henri, P., Park, S. A., Ranocha, H., Richter, I., Rubin, M., and Tsurutani, B.: Steepening of magnetosonic waves in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, Ann. Geophys., 39, 721–742, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-721-2021, 2021. a, b
Pantellini, F. G. E.: A model of the formation of stable nonpropagating magnetic structures in the solar wind based on the nonlinear mirror instability, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 4789–4798, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA02384, 1998. a
Passot, T., Ruban, V., and Sulem, P. L.: Fluid description of trains of stationary mirror structures in a magnetized plasma, Phys. Plasmas, 13, 102310, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2356485, 2006. a
Pokhotelov, O. A., Sagdeev, R. Z., Balikhin, M. A., Onishchenko, O. G., and Fedun, V. N.: Nonlinear mirror waves in non-Maxwellian space plasmas, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 113, A04225, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012642, 2008. a
Price, C. P., Swift, D. W., and Lee, L. C.: Numerical simulation of nonoscillatory mirror waves at the Earth's magnetosheath, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 101–112, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA091iA01p00101, 1986. a, b
Remya, B., Reddy, R. V., Tsurutani, B. T., Lakhina, G. S., and Echer, E.: Ion temperature anisotropy instabilities in planetary magnetosheaths, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 785–793, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50091, 2013. a
Remya, B., Tsurutani, B. T., Reddy, R. V., Lakhina, G. S., Falkowski, B. J., Echer, E., and Glassmeier, K. H.: Large-amplitude, Circularly Polarized, Compressive, Obliquely Propagating Electromagnetic Proton Cyclotron Waves Throughout the Earth's Magnetosheath: Low Plasma β Conditions, Astronphys. J., 793, 21 pp., https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/6, 2014. a
Richter, I., Koenders, C., Auster, H.-U., Frühauff, D., Götz, C., Heinisch, P., Perschke, C., Motschmann, U., Stoll, B., Altwegg, K., Burch, J., Carr, C., Cupido, E., Eriksson, A., Henri, P., Goldstein, R., Lebreton, J.-P., Mokashi, P., Nemeth, Z., Nilsson, H., Rubin, M., Szegö, K., Tsurutani, B. T., Vallat, C., Volwerk, M., and Glassmeier, K.-H.: Observation of a new type of low-frequency waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Ann. Geophys., 33, 1031–1036, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1031-2015, 2015. a
Russell, C. T., Riedler, W., Schwingenschuh, K., and Yeroshenko, Y.: Mirror instability in the magnetosphere of comet Halley, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 644–647, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL014i006p00644, 1987. a
Simon Wedlund, C., Behar, E., Nilsson, H., Alho, M., Kallio, E., Gunell, H., Bodewits, D., Heritier, K., Galand, M., Beth, A., Rubin, M., Altwegg, K., Volwerk, M., Gronoff, G., and Hoekstra, R.: Solar wind charge exchange in cometary atmospheres III, Results from the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Astron. Astrophys., 630, A37, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834881, 2019. a
Simon Wedlund, C., Volwerk, M., Mazelle, C., Halekas, J., Rojas-Castillo, D., Espley, J., and Möstl, C.: Making Waves: Mirror Mode Structures Around Mars Observed by the MAVEN Spacecraft, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 127, e29811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029811, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l
Simon Wedlund, C., Volwerk, M., Mazelle, C., Rojas Mata, S., Stenberg Wieser, G., Futaana, Y., Halekas, J., Rojas-Castillo, D., Bertucci, C., and Espley, J.: Statistical distribution of mirror-mode-like structures in the magnetosheaths of unmagnetised planets – Part 1: Mars as observed by the MAVEN spacecraft, Ann. Geophys., 41, 225–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-225-2023, 2023. a, b, c, d
Sonnerup, B. U. Ö. and Scheible, M.: Minimum and Maximum Variance Analysis, in: Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, no. SR-001 in ISSI Sci. Rep., 185–220, ISBN 1608-280X, 1998. a
Soucek, J., Lucek, E., and Dandouras, I.: Properties of magnetosheath mirror modes observed by Cluster and their response to changes in plasma parameters, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 113, A04203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012649, 2008. a, b, c, d
Sperveslage, K., Neubauer, F. M., Baumgärtel, K., and Ness, N. F.: Magnetic holes in the solar wind between 0.3 AU and 17 AU, Nonlinear Proc. Geoph., 7, 191–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-7-191-2000, 2000. a
Stevens, M. L. and Kasper, J. C.: A scale-free analysis of magnetic holes at 1 AU, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 112, A05109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012116, 2007. a
Szegö, K., Glassmeier, K.-H., Bingham, R., Bogdanov, A., Fischer, C., Haerendel, G., Brinca, A., Cravens, T., Dubinin, E., Sauer, K., Fisk, L., Gombosi, T., Schwadron, N., Isenberg, P., Lee, M., Mazelle, C., Möbius, E., Motschmann, U., Shapiro, V. D., Tsurutani, B., and Zank, G.: Physics of Mass Loaded Plasmas, Space Sci. Rev., 94, 429–671, 2000. a
Taylor, M. G. G. T., Altobelli, N., Buratti, B. J., and Choukroun, M.: The Rosetta mission orbiter science overview: the comet phase, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 375, 20160262, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0262, 2017. a
Tello Fallau, A., Goetz, C., Simon Wedlund, C., and Volwerk, M.: Rosetta's Mission Mirror Mode Events, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7685489, 2023. a
Trotignon, J. G., Michau, J. L., Lagoutte, D., Chabassière, M., Chalumeau, G., Colin, F., Décréau, P. M. E., Geiswiller, J., Gille, P., Grard, R., Hachemi, T., Hamelin, M., Eriksson, A., Laakso, H., Lebreton, J. P., Mazelle, C., Randriamboarison, O., Schmidt, W., Smit, A., Telljohann, U., and Zamora, P.: RPC-MIP: the Mutual Impedance Probe of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium, Space Sci. Rev., 128, 713–728, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9005-1, 2007. a, b
Tsurutani, B. T. and Smith, E. J.: Hydromagnetic waves and instabilities associated with cometary ion pickup – ICE observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 263–266, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i003p00263, 1986. a
Tsurutani, B. T., Smith, E. J., Anderson, R. R., Ogilvie, K. W., Scudder, J. D., Baker, D. N., and Bame, S. J.: Lion roars and nonoscillatory drift mirror waves in the magnetosheath, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 6060–6072, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA087iA08p06060, 1982. a, b
Tsurutani, B. T., Thorne, R. M., Smith, E. J., Gosling, J. T., and Matsumoto, H.: Steepened magnetosonic waves at comet Giacobini-Zinner, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 11074–11082, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA10p11074, 1987. a
Tsurutani, B. T., Lakhina, G. S., Smith, E. J., Buti, B., Moses, S. L., Coroniti, F. V., Brinca, A. L., Slavin, J. A., and Zwickl, R. D.: Mirror mode structures and ELF plasma waves in the Giacobini-Zinner magnetosheath, Nonlinear Proc. Geophys., 6, 229–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-6-229-1999, 1999. a
Tsurutani, B. T., Lakhina, G. S., Verkhoglyadova, O. P., Echer, E., Guarnieri, F. L., Narita, Y., and Constantinescu, D. O.: Magnetosheath and heliosheath mirror mode structures, interplanetary magnetic decreases, and linear magnetic decreases: Differences and distinguishing features, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 116, A02103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015913, 2011. a, b, c, d
Volwerk, M.: ULF Wave Modes in the Earth’s Magnetotail, in: Low-Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas, edited by: A. Keiling, D.-H. L. and Nakariakov, V., 141–160, AGU, Washington, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119055006.ch9, 2016. a
Volwerk, M., Zhang, T. L., Delva, M., Vörös, Z., Baumjohann, W., and Glassmeier, K.-H.: Mirror-mode-like structures in Venus' induced magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E00B16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003154, 2008. a
Volwerk, M., Glassmeier, K.-H., Delva, M., Schmid, D., Koenders, C., Richter, I., and Szegö, K.: A comparison between VEGA 1, 2 and Giotto flybys of comet 1P/Halley: implications for Rosetta, Ann. Geophys., 32, 1441–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1441-2014, 2014. a
Volwerk, M., Richter, I., Tsurutani, B., Götz, C., Altwegg, K., Broiles, T., Burch, J., Carr, C., Cupido, E., Delva, M., Dósa, M., Edberg, N. J. T., Eriksson, A., Henri, P., Koenders, C., Lebreton, J.-P., Mandt, K. E., Nilsson, H., Opitz, A., Rubin, M., Schwingenschuh, K., Stenberg Wieser, G., Szegö, K., Vallat, C., Vallieres, X., and Glassmeier, K.-H.: Mass-loading, pile-up, and mirror-mode waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Ann. Geophys., 34, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1-2016, 2016a. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o
Winterhalter, D., Neugebauer, M., Goldstein, B. E., Smith, E. J., Tsurutani, B. T., Bame, S. J., and Balogh, A.: Magnetic Holes in the Solar Wind and Their Relation to Mirror Mode Structures, 72, 201–204, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00768780, 1995. a, b, c
Wu, C. S. and Davidson, R. C.: Electromagnetic instabilities produced by neutral-particle ionization in interplanetary space, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 5399–5406, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA077i028p05399, 1972. a, b
Zhang, T. L., Baumjohann, W., Russell, C. T., Jian, L. K., Wang, C., Cao, J. B., Balikhin, M., Blanco-Cano, X., Delva, M., and Volwerk, M.: Mirror mode structures in the solar wind at 0.72 AU, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 114, A10107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014103, 2009. a
Short summary
The plasma environment of comet 67P provides a unique laboratory to study plasma phenomena in the solar system. Previous studies have reported the existence of mirror modes at 67P but no further systematic investigation has so far been done. This study aims to learn more about these waves. We investigate the magnetic field measured by Rosetta and find 565 mirror mode signatures. The detected mirror modes are likely generated upstream of the observation and have been modified by the plasma.
The plasma environment of comet 67P provides a unique laboratory to study plasma phenomena in...
