Craven, J. D., Murphree, J. S., Frank, L. A., and Cogger, L. L.:
Simultaneous optical observations of transpolar arcs in the two polar caps,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 2297–2300,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL02308, 1991.
Dungey, J. W.: Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones, Phys.
Rev. Lett., 6, 47–48, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.47, 1961.
Elphinstone, R. D., Murphree, J. S., Hearn, D. J., Cogger, L. L., Sandahl, I., Newell, P. T., Klumpar, D. M., Ohtani, S., Sauvaud, J. A., Potemra T. A., Mursula, K., Wright, A., and Shapshak, M.: The double oval UV auroral distribution: 1.
Implications for the mapping of auroral arcs, J. Geophys. Res.-Space
Phys., 100, 12075–12092, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JA00326, 1995a.
Elphinstone, R. D., Hearn, D. J., Cogger, L. L., Murphree, J. S., Wright, A., Sandahl, I., Ohtani, S., Newell, P. T., Klumpar, D. M., Shapshak, M., Potemra T. A., Mursula, K., and Sauvaud, J. A.: The double oval UV auroral distribution: 2. The
most poleward arc system and the dynamics of the magnetotail, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space Phys., 100, 12093–12102, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JA00327,
1995b.
Fear, R. C. and Milan, S. E.: The IMF dependence of the local time of
transpolar arcs: Implications for formation mechanism, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 117(A03213), https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017209, 2012a.
Fear, R. C. and Milan, S. E.: Ionospheric flows relating to transpolar arc
formation, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 117, A09230,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017830, 2012b.
Fear, R. C., Milan, S. E., Carter, J. A., and Maggiolo, R.: The interaction
between transpolar arcs and cusp spots, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 9685–9693,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066194, 2015.
Frank, L. A., Craven, J. D., Burch, J. L., and Winningham, J. D.: Polar
views of the Earth's aurora with Dynamics Explorer, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
9, 1001–1004, 1982.
Gjerloev, J. W.: The SuperMAG data processing technique, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 117, A09213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017683, 2012.
Glassmeier, K.-H., Hönisch, M., and Untiedt, J.: Ground-based and
spacecraft observations of traveling magnetospheric convection twin
vortices, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 94, 2520–2528,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA094iA03p02520, 1989.
Gosling, J. T., Thomsen, M. F., Bame, S. J., Elphic, R. C., and Russell, C.
T.: Plasma flow reversals at the dayside magnetopause and the origin of
asymmetric polar cap convection, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 95,
8073–8084, 1990.
Greenwald, R. A., Baker, K. B., Dudeney, J. R., Pinnock, M., Jones, T. B., Thomas, E. C., Villain, J.-P., Cerisier, J. -C., Senior, C., Hanuise, C., Hunsucker, R. D., Sofko, G., Koehler, J., Nielsen, E., Pellinen, R., Walker, A. D. M., Sato, N., and Yamagishi, H.: DARN/SuperDARN: A global view of high-latitude
convection, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 761–796, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00751350, 1995.
Grocott, A., Cowley, S. W. H., and Sigwarth, J. B.: Ionospheric flow during
extended intervals of northward but BY-dominated IMF, Ann. Geophys., 21,
509–538, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-509-2003, 2003.
Grocott, A., Badman, S. V., Cowley, S. W. H., Yeoman, T. K., and Cripps, P.
J.: The influence of IMF B
Y on the nature of the nightside
high-latitude ionospheric flow during intervals of positive IMF B
Z,
Ann. Geophys., 22, 1755–1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1755-2004, 2004.
Grocott, A., Yeoman, T. K., Milan, S. E., and Cowley, S. W. H.:
Interhemispheric observations of the ionospheric signature of tail
reconnection during IMF-northward non-substorm intervals, Ann. Geophys., 23,
1763–1770, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-1763-2005, 2005.
Hosokawa, K., Kullen, A., Milan, S, Reidy, J., Zou, Y., Harald, F. U., Maggiolo, R., and Fear, R.: Aurora in the polar cap: a
review, Space Sci. Rev., 216, 15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-0637-3,
2020.
Jesper W Gjerloev and SuperMAG team:
The SuperMAG ground observatory network Data Access, Jesper W Gjerloev and SuperMAG team [data set],
https://supermag.jhuapl.edu/rBrowse/,
last access: 3 November 2020.
Kullen, A., Brittnacher, M., Cumnock, J. A., and Blomberg, L. G.: Solar wind
dependence of the occurrence and motion of polar auroral arcs: A statistical
study, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 107, 1362,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009245, 2002.
Kullen, A., Fear, R. C., Milan, S. E., Carter, J. A., and Karlsson, T.: The
statistical difference between bending arcs and regular polar arcs, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 120, 10443–10465, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021298, 2015.
Lyons, L. R., Nagai, T., Blanchard, G. T., Samson, J. C., Yamamoto, T.,
Mukai, T., Nishida, A., and Kokubun, S.: Association between Geotail plasma
flows and auroral poleward boundary intensifications observed by CANOPUS
photometers, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 104, 4485–4500, 1999.
Mailyan, B., Shi, Q. Q., Kullen, A., Maggiolo, R., Zhang, Y., Fear, R. C.,
Zong, Q.-G., Fu, S. Y., Gou, X. C., Cao, X., Yao, Z. H., Sun, W. J., Wei,
Y., and Pu, Z. Y.: Transpolar arc observation after solar wind entry into
the high-latitude magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 120, 3525–3534, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020912, 2015.
Mende, S. B., Heetderks, H., Frey, H. U., Lampton, M., Geller, S. P., Habraken, S., Renotte, E., Jamar, C., Rochus, P., Spann, J., Fuselier, S. A., Gerard, J.-C., Gladstone, R., Murphree, S., and Cogger, L.: Far ultraviolet imaging from the IMAGE spacecraft: 1.
System design, Space Sci. Rev., 91, 243–270, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005271728567,
2000a.
Mende, S. B., Heetderks, H., Frey, H. U., Lampton, M., Geller, S. P., Abiad, R., Siegmund, O. H. W., Tremsin, A. S., Spann, J., Dougani, H., Fuselier, S. A., Magoncelli, A. L., Bumala, M. B., Murphree, S., and Trondsen, T.: Far ultraviolet imaging from the IMAGE spacecraft: 2.
Wideband FUV imaging, Space Sci. Rev., 91, 271–285,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005227915363, 2000b.
Mende, S. B., Heetderks, H., Frey, H. U., Stock, J. M., Lampton, M., Geller, S. P., Abiad, R., Siegmund, O. H. W., Habraken, S., Renotte, E., Jamar, C., Rochus, P., Gerard, J.-C., Sigler, R., and Lauche, H.: Far ultraviolet imaging from the IMAGE spacecraft: 3.
Spectral imaging of Lyman-
α and OI 135.6 nm, Space Sci. Rev., 91,
287–318, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005292301251, 2000c.
Milan, S. E., Lester, M., Cowley, S. W. H., and Brittnacher, M.: Convection
and auroral response to a southward turning of the IMF: Polar UVI, CUTLASS,
and IMAGE signatures of transient magnetic flux transfer at the
magnetopause, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15741–15755, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA900022, 2000.
Milan, S. E., Hubert, B., and Grocott, A.: Formation and motion of a
transpolar arc in response to dayside and nightside reconnection, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 110, A01212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010835, 2005.
Moretto, T., Friis-Christensen, E., Lühr, H., and Zesta, E.: Global
perspective of ionospheric traveling convection vortices: Case studies of
two Geospace environmental modeling events, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys.,
102, 11597–11610, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA00324, 1997.
Motoba, T., Kikuchi, T., Okuzawa, T., and Yumoto, K.: Dynamical response of
the magnetosphere-ionosphere system to a solar wind dynamic pressure
oscillation, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 108, 1206,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009696, 2003.
Neudegg, D. A., Cowley, S. W. H., Milan, S. E., Yeoman, T. K., Lester, M., Provan, G., Haerendel, G., Baumjohann, W., Nikutowski, B., Büchner, J., Auster, U., Fornacon, K.-H., and Georgescu, E.: A survey of magnetopause FTEs and associated flow bursts in the polar ionosphere, Ann. Geophys., 18, 416–435, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0416-0, 2000.
Newell, P. T. and Meng, C.-I.: Creation of theta-auroras: the isolation of
plasma sheet fragments in the polar cap, Science, 70, 1338–1341,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5240.1338, 1995.
Nowada, M., Fear, R. C., Grocott, A., Shi, Q.-Q., Yang, J., Zong, Q.-G., Wei, Y., Fu, S.-Y., Pu, Z.-Y., Mailyan, B., and Zhang, H.: Subsidence of ionospheric flows triggered by magnetotail magnetic
reconnection during transpolar arc brightening, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 123, 3398–3420, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA024701, 2018.
Nowada, M., Zong, Q.-G., Hubert, B., Shi, Q.-Q., Wang, Y.-F., Yang, J.,
Grocott, A., Degeling, A. W., Tian, A.-M., Zhou, X.-Z., and Yue, C.:
North-south asymmetric nightside distorted transpolar arcs within a
framework of deformed magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling: IMF-B
y
dependence, ionospheric currents, and magnetotail reconnection, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space Phys., 125, 2020JA027991, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027991, 2020.
Ohtani, S., Korth, H., Wing, S., Talaat, E. R., Frey, H. U., and Gjerloev,
J. W.: The double auroral oval in the dusk-midnight sector: Formation,
mapping and dynamics, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 117, A08203,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017501, 2012.
Pulkkinen, T. I., Hill, S., Brenner, A., Zou, S., and Shidi, Q. A.: Case
study of a transpolar arc during high geomagnetic activity, AGU Fall Meeting
2020, Abstract of the 2020 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 1–17 December 2020, SM039-0003, 2020AGUFMSM0390003P, 2020.
Reistad, J. P., Østgaard, N., Laundal, K. M., Ohma, A., Snekvik, K., Tenfjord, P., Grocott, A., Oksavik, K., Milan, S. E., and Haaland, S.: Observations of asymmetries in ionospheric return flow
during different levels of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 123, 4638–4651, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA025051, 2018.
Ruohoniemi, J. M. and Greenwald, R. A.: Statistical patterns of
high-latitude convection obtained from Goose Bay HF radar observations, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 101, 21743–21763,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA01584, 1996.
Ruohoniemi, J. M. and Baker, K. B.: Large-scale imaging of high-latitude
convection with Super Dual Auroral Radar Network HF radar observations, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 103, 20797–20811,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98JA01288, 1998.
SuperDARN Data Analysis Working Group, Burrell, A. G., Thomas, E. G., Schmidt, M. T., Bland, E. C., Coco, I., Ponomarenko, P. V., Sterne, K. T., and Walach, M.-T.:
SuperDARN/rst: RST 4.7, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6473603, 2022.
Thomas, E. G. and Shepherd, S. G.: Statistical patterns of ionospheric
convection derived from mid-latitude, high-latitude, and polar SuperDARN HF
radar observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 123, 3196–3216,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2018JA025280, 2018.
Tsyganenko, N. A. and Fairfield, D. H.: Global shape of the magnetotail
current sheet as derived from Geotail and Polar data, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 109, A03218, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010062, 2004.
Tsyganenko, N. A., Andreeva, V. A., and Gordeev, E. I.: Internally and externally induced deformations of the magnetospheric equatorial current as inferred from spacecraft data, Ann. Geophys., 33, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1-2015, 2015.
Walach, M.-T., Grocott, A., Staples, F., and Thomas, E. G.: Super Dual
Auroral Radar Network Expansion and its Influence on the Derived Ionospheric
Convection Pattern, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 127, e2021JA029559.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029559, 2022.