Articles | Volume 39, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-961-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-961-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
16 Nov 2021
Regular paper |
| 16 Nov 2021
| 16 Nov 2021
Observing electric field and neutral wind with EISCAT 3D
Johann Stamm
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Physics and Technology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
Juha Vierinen
Institute for Physics and Technology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
Björn Gustavsson
Institute for Physics and Technology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
Related authors
Johann Stamm, Juha Vierinen, Björn Gustavsson, and Andres Spicher
Ann. Geophys., 41, 55–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-55-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-55-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study of some ionospheric events benefit from the knowledge of how the physics varies over a volume and over time. Examples are studies of aurora or energy deposition. With EISCAT3D, measurements of ion velocity vectors in a volume will be possible for the first time. We present a technique that uses a set of such measurements to estimate electric field and neutral wind. The technique relies on adding restrictions to the estimates. We successfully consider restrictions based on physics.
Johann Stamm, Juha Vierinen, Juan M. Urco, Björn Gustavsson, and Jorge L. Chau
Ann. Geophys., 39, 119–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-119-2021, 2021
Devin Huyghebaert, Björn Gustavsson, Juha Vierinen, Andreas Kvammen, Matthew Zettergren, John Swoboda, Ilkka Virtanen, Spencer Hatch, and Karl M. Laundal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-802, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-802, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The EISCAT_3D radar is a new ionospheric radar under construction in the Fennoscandia region. The radar will make measurements of plasma characteristics at altitudes above approximately 60 km. The capability of the system to make these measurements on spatial scales of less than 100 m using the multiple digitised signals from each of the radar antenna panels is highlighted. There are many ionospheric small-scale processes that will be further resolved using the techniques discussed here.
Theresa Rexer, Björn Gustavsson, Juha Vierinen, Andres Spicher, Devin Ray Huyghebaert, Andreas Kvammen, Robert Gillies, and Asti Bhatt
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-18, 2024
Preprint under review for GI
Short summary
Short summary
We present a second-level calibration method for electron density measurements from multi-beam incoherent scatter radars. It is based on the well-known Flat field correction method used in imaging and photography. The methods improve data quality and useability as they account for unaccounted, and unpredictable variations in the radar system. This is valuable for studies where inter-beam calibration is important such as studies of polar cap patches, plasma irregularities and turbulence.
Thomas B. Leyser, Tima Sergienko, Urban Brändström, Björn Gustavsson, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 41, 589–600, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-589-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Powerful radio waves transmitted into the ionosphere from the ground were used to study electron energization in the pumped ionospheric plasma turbulence, by detecting optical emissions from atomic oxygen. Our results obtained with the EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) facilities in northern Norway and optical detection with the ALIS (Auroral Large Imaging System) in northern Sweden suggest that long-wavelength upper hybrid waves are important in accelerating electrons.
Yoshimasa Tanaka, Yasunobu Ogawa, Akira Kadokura, Takehiko Aso, Björn Gustavsson, Urban Brändström, Tima Sergienko, Genta Ueno, and Satoko Saita
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2023-35, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2023-35, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
We present by simulation how useful monochromatic images taken by a multi-point imager network are for auroral research in the EISCAT_3D project. We apply the generalized-aurora computed tomography (G-ACT) method to modelled multiple auroral images and ionospheric electron density data. It is demonstrated that the G-ACT provides better reconstruction results than the normal ACT and can interpolate ionospheric electron density at a much higher spatial resolution than observed by EISCAT_3D radar.
Johann Stamm, Juha Vierinen, Björn Gustavsson, and Andres Spicher
Ann. Geophys., 41, 55–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-55-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-55-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study of some ionospheric events benefit from the knowledge of how the physics varies over a volume and over time. Examples are studies of aurora or energy deposition. With EISCAT3D, measurements of ion velocity vectors in a volume will be possible for the first time. We present a technique that uses a set of such measurements to estimate electric field and neutral wind. The technique relies on adding restrictions to the estimates. We successfully consider restrictions based on physics.
Daniel K. Whiter, Noora Partamies, Björn Gustavsson, and Kirsti Kauristie
Ann. Geophys., 41, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the height of green and blue aurorae using thousands of camera images recorded over a 7-year period. Both colours are typically brightest at about 114 km altitude. When they peak at higher altitudes the blue aurora is usually higher than the green aurora. This information will help other studies which need an estimate of the auroral height. We used a computer model to explain our observations and to investigate how the green aurora is produced.
Knut Ola Dølven, Juha Vierinen, Roberto Grilli, Jack Triest, and Bénédicte Ferré
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 293–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-293-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-293-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sensors capable of measuring rapid fluctuations are important to improve our understanding of environmental processes. Many sensors are unable to do this, due to their reliance on the transfer of the measured property, for instance a gas, across a semi-permeable barrier. We have developed a mathematical tool which enables the retrieval of fast-response signals from sensors with this type of sensor design.
Carsten Baumann, Antti Kero, Shikha Raizada, Markus Rapp, Michael P. Sulzer, Pekka T. Verronen, and Juha Vierinen
Ann. Geophys., 40, 519–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-519-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-519-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arecibo radar was used to probe free electrons of the ionized atmosphere between 70 and 100 km altitude. This is also the altitude region were meteors evaporate and form secondary particulate matter, the so-called meteor smoke particles (MSPs). Free electrons attach to these MSPs when the sun is below the horizon and cause a drop in the number of free electrons, which are the subject of these measurements. We also identified a different number of free electrons during sunset and sunrise.
Mizuki Fukizawa, Takeshi Sakanoi, Yoshimasa Tanaka, Yasunobu Ogawa, Keisuke Hosokawa, Björn Gustavsson, Kirsti Kauristie, Alexander Kozlovsky, Tero Raita, Urban Brändström, and Tima Sergienko
Ann. Geophys., 40, 475–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The pulsating auroral generation mechanism has been investigated by observing precipitating electrons using rockets or satellites. However, it is difficult for such observations to distinguish temporal changes from spatial ones. In this study, we reconstructed the horizontal 2-D distribution of precipitating electrons using only auroral images. The 3-D aurora structure was also reconstructed. We found that there were both spatial and temporal changes in the precipitating electron energy.
Derek McKay, Juha Vierinen, Antti Kero, and Noora Partamies
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-25-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-25-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When radio waves from our galaxy enter the Earth's atmosphere, they are absorbed by electrons in the upper atmosphere. It was thought that by measuring the amount of absorption, it would allow the height of these electrons in the atmosphere to be determined. If so, this would have significance for future instrument design. However, this paper demonstrates that it is not possible to do this, but it does explain how multiple-frequency measurements can nevertheless be useful.
Torbjørn Tveito, Juha Vierinen, Björn Gustavsson, and Viswanathan Lakshmi Narayanan
Ann. Geophys., 39, 427–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work explores the role of EISCAT 3D as a tool for planetary mapping. Due to the challenges inherent in detecting the signals reflected from faraway bodies, we have concluded that only the Moon is a viable mapping target. We estimate the impact of the ionosphere on lunar mapping, concluding that its distorting effects should be easily manageable. EISCAT 3D will be useful for mapping the lunar nearside due to its previously unused frequency (233 MHz) and its interferometric capabilities.
Johann Stamm, Juha Vierinen, Juan M. Urco, Björn Gustavsson, and Jorge L. Chau
Ann. Geophys., 39, 119–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-119-2021, 2021
Daniel Kastinen, Torbjørn Tveito, Juha Vierinen, and Mikael Granvik
Ann. Geophys., 38, 861–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-861-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-861-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have applied three different methods to examine the observability, both tracking and discovery, of near-Earth objects (NEOs) by the EISCAT 3D radar system currently under construction. There are, to our knowledge, no previous studies on the expected discovery rates of NEOs using radar systems. We show that it is feasible to regularly track NEOs and mini-moons. We also show it is possible to discover new NEOs and mini-moons with EISCAT 3D, something never before done with radar systems.
Sam Tuttle, Betty Lanchester, Björn Gustavsson, Daniel Whiter, Nickolay Ivchenko, Robert Fear, and Mark Lester
Ann. Geophys., 38, 845–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-845-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-845-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Electric fields in the atmosphere near dynamic aurora are important in the physics of the electric circuit within the Earth's magnetic field. Oxygen ions emit light as they move under the influence of these electric fields; the flow of this emission is used to find the electric field at high temporal resolution. The solution needs two other simultaneous measurements of auroral emissions to give key parameters such as the auroral energy. The electric fields increase with brightness of the aurora.
Thomas B. Leyser, Björn Gustavsson, Theresa Rexer, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 38, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-297-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-297-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Powerful radio waves transmitted into the ionosphere give the strongest turbulence effects in geomagnetic zenith, antiparallel to the magnetic field in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results obtained with the EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATter association) Heating facility in Norway and the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar together with modelling suggest that the pump wave propagates in the L mode, rather than in the O mode that is usually assumed to be involved in such experiments.
Jorge Luis Chau, Juan Miguel Urco, Juha Pekka Vierinen, Ryan Andrew Volz, Matthias Clahsen, Nico Pfeffer, and Jörg Trautner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2113–2127, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2113-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2113-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
New systems to study the mesosphere are introduced. They result from the reengineering of previous systems, by making use of MIMO, spread-spectrum and compressed-sensing techniques that are widely used in telecommunications. The interferometer configuration is now implemented in transmission, making the location of meteor echoes possible with just one antenna on reception. Our novel concept makes the study of a mesosphere volume from different viewing points on the ground feasible and easy.
Jorge L. Chau, Derek McKay, Juha P. Vierinen, Cesar La Hoz, Thomas Ulich, Markku Lehtinen, and Ralph Latteck
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9547–9560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9547-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9547-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Combining a phased-array power radar and a phased-array radio telescope, we have been able to identify and characterized horizontal structures and movement of noctilucent clouds, but at 3 m scales instead of optical scales. As a byproduct of our observations, we have studied their angular dependence. We show a new alternative to study these clouds on routine basis and therefore study the atmospheric dynamics that modulate them.
Thomas B. Leyser, H. Gordon James, Björn Gustavsson, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 36, 243–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-243-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-243-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Transmission of powerful radio waves into the overhead ionosphere is used to study plasma turbulence processes. It is well known that the ionospheric response to radio waves is the strongest in the direction of the geomagnetic field. We have found evidence that the transmitted radio wave can propagate in a mode that enables the wave to propagate much higher in altitude and deeper into the ionosphere than what is usually expected, which may account for the strong plasma response observed.
Derek McKay, Noora Partamies, and Juha Vierinen
Ann. Geophys., 36, 59–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-59-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-59-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study used the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (KAIRA) and Finnish Meteorological Institute's all-sky camera. It looked at radio absorption and optical emission of the long east–west band of aurora (known as the growth phase arc), which forms at the start of substorms. The study found that radio absorption was consistently south of the bright auroral arc and that optical pulsating aurora occurs in the boundary region between the radio absorption zone and the bright arc.
N. M. Schlatter, N. Ivchenko, B. Gustavsson, T. Leyser, and M. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1103–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1103-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1103-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Earth's ionosphere & aeronomy | Keywords: Instruments and techniques
Estimation and evaluation of hourly Meteorological Operational (MetOp) satellites' GPS receiver differential code biases (DCBs) with two different methods
A technique for volumetric incoherent scatter radar analysis
Sounding of sporadic E layers from China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) radio occultation and comparing with ionosonde measurements
Inferring thermospheric composition from ionogram profiles: a calibration with the TIMED spacecraft
Radar imaging with EISCAT 3D
Auroral ionospheric E region parameters obtained from satellite- based far-ultraviolet and ground-based ionosonde observations – effects of proton precipitation
Estimating satellite and receiver differential code bias using a relative Global Positioning System network
Validation of Clyde River SuperDARN radar velocity measurements with the RISR-C incoherent scatter radar
Linlin Li and Shuanggen Jin
Ann. Geophys., 41, 465–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used the spherical harmonic function (SHF) and the local spherical symmetry (LSS) assumption methods to calculate the hourly and daily LEO satellite GPS differential code bias (DCB). The SHF method is more stable and precise than the LSS assumption. The daily DCB estimation is more accurate and stable than the hourly DCB due to more observation data. Hourly DCBs have large changes in one day, mainly be attributed to random errors because these error time series have a normal distribution.
Johann Stamm, Juha Vierinen, Björn Gustavsson, and Andres Spicher
Ann. Geophys., 41, 55–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-55-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-55-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study of some ionospheric events benefit from the knowledge of how the physics varies over a volume and over time. Examples are studies of aurora or energy deposition. With EISCAT3D, measurements of ion velocity vectors in a volume will be possible for the first time. We present a technique that uses a set of such measurements to estimate electric field and neutral wind. The technique relies on adding restrictions to the estimates. We successfully consider restrictions based on physics.
Chengkun Gan, Jiayu Hu, Xiaomin Luo, Chao Xiong, and Shengfeng Gu
Ann. Geophys., 40, 463–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-463-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-463-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a new criterion to determine Es, i.e., when the mean value of the absolute value of the difference between the normalized SNR is greater than 3 times the standard deviation. We show that Es have strong seasonal variations, with the highest occurrence rates in the summer season at midlatitudes mainly located at 90–110 km at 14:00–20:00 LT. The comparison of Es altitudes from radio occultation profiles with ionosonde revealed a large correspondence between both measurement techniques.
Christopher J. Scott, Shannon Jones, and Luke A. Barnard
Ann. Geophys., 39, 309–319, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The composition of the upper atmosphere has been difficult to measure with localised observations relying on spacecraft, suborbital rockets or measurements of airglow from ground-based observatories. The height profile of ionisation within the neutral upper atmosphere is influenced by the composition of the neutral gas. We present a method for determining the neutral upper-atmosphere composition from measurements of the ionisation profile and compare these with spacecraft measurements.
Johann Stamm, Juha Vierinen, Juan M. Urco, Björn Gustavsson, and Jorge L. Chau
Ann. Geophys., 39, 119–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-119-2021, 2021
Harold K. Knight
Ann. Geophys., 39, 105–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Comparisons were made of ground-based ionosonde (a type of radar) observations of the ionosphere and satellite-based observations of auroral far-ultraviolet emissions to determine whether a remote sensing algorithm for determining auroral ionospheric electron densities from far-ultraviolet emissions was biased by the presence of proton precipitation, and it was found that there was no such bias.
Alaa A. Elghazouly, Mohamed I. Doma, and Ahmed A. Sedeek
Ann. Geophys., 37, 1039–1047, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1039-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1039-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Receiver and satellite differential code biases (DCBs) are one of the main error sources in estimating precise global ionosphere maps (GIMs) from Global Positioning System (GPS) data. This paper introduces a mathematical model for estimating satellite and receiver DCBs from a GPS network written in the MATLAB environment. Our code was tested and compared with Ionosphere Associated Analysis Centers (IAAC) and other researchers' code results. The results show an improvement for estimated DCBs.
Alexander Koustov, Robert Gillies, and Peter Bankole
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1657–1666, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1657-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1657-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Clyde River (CLY) SuperDARN radar velocities reflecting plasma flows in the ionosphere are consistent with measurements by the incoherent scatter radar RISR. While agreement is good in the range of RISR velocity magnitudes of 0–700 m s−1, CLY velocities become progressively smaller at faster flows. In one example of strong disagreements between the instruments, by 200 m s−1, the radars monitored strongly sheared flows. Validation of the CLY radar confirms the reliability of SuperDARN operation.
Cited articles
Aikio, A. T. and Selkälä, A.: Statistical properties of Joule heating rate, electric field and conductances at high latitudes, Ann. Geophys., 27, 2661–2673, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2661-2009, 2009. a
Aikio, A. T., Cai, L., and Nygrén, T.: Statistical distribution of
height-integrated energy exchange rates in the ionosphere, J.
Geophys. Res., 117, A10325, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018078, 2014. a
Bilitza, D., Altadill, D., Truhlik, V., Shubin, V., Galkin, I., Reinisch, B.,
and Huang, X.: International Reference Ionosphere 2016: From ionospheric
climate to real-time weather predictions, Space Weather, 15, 418–429,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016SW001593, 2017. a
Brekke, A., Nozawa, S., and Sparr, T.: Studies of the E region neutral wind in
the quiet auroral ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99,
8801–8826, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA03232, 1994. a
Cai, L., Aikio, A. T., and Milan, S. E.: Joule heating hot spot at high
latitudes in the afternoon sector, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 7135–7152, 2016. a
Dahlgren, H., Gustavsson, B., Lanchester, B. S., Ivchenko, N., Brändström, U., Whiter, D. K., Sergienko, T., Sandahl, I., and Marklund, G.: Energy and flux variations across thin auroral arcs, Ann. Geophys., 29, 1699–1712, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1699-2011, 2011. a, b
Davies, J. A., Lester, M., and Robinson, T. R.: Deriving the normalised ion-neutral collision frequency from EISCAT observations, Ann. Geophys., 15, 1557–1569, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-1557-1, 1997. a
Häggström, I.: EISCAT Scientific Association, Data from the CEDAR Madrigal database, available at: https://w3id.org/cedar?experiment_list=experiments/2014/tro/20feb14&file_list=MAD6400_2014-02-20_beata_60@uhfa.hdf5 (last access: 12 November 2021), 2014. a
Inan, U. and Gołkowski, M.: Principles of Plasma Physics for Engineers and
Scientists, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011. a
Kero, J.: Multi station- and interferometric radar meteor head echo
observations, in: Proceedings of the XXXIst URSI General Assembly in Beijing
(August 2014), GH04.1, International Union of Radio Science, Beijing, 2014. a
Kero, J., Kastinen, D., Vierinen, J., Grydeland, T., Heinselman, C. J.,
Markkanen, J., and Tjulin, A.: EISCAT 3D: the next generation international
atmosphere and geospace research radar, in: Proceedings of the First NEO and
Debris Detection Conference, edited by: Flohrer, T., Jehn, R., and Schmitz,
F., ESA Space Safety Programme Office, Darmstadt, 2019. a
Kosch, M., Yiu, I., Andersonm, C., Tsuda, T., Ogawa, Y., Nozawa, S., Aruliah,
A., Howells, V., Baddeley, L. J., McCrea, I. W., and Wild, J. A.: Mesoscale
observations of Joule heating near an auroral arc and ion-neutral collision
frequency in the polar cap E region, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, A05321, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016015, 2011. a
Kudeki, E. and Milla, M. A.: Incoherent Scatter Spectral Theories – Part I: A
General Framework and Results for Small Magnetic Aspect Angles, IEEE
T. Geosci. Remote, 49, 315–328,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2010.2057252, 2011. a, b
Lehtinen, M. S. and Damtie, B.: Radar baud length optimisation of spatially
incoherent time-independent targets, J. Atmos.
Sol.-Terr. Phys., 105, 281–286, 2013. a
Lehtinen, M. S. and Häggström, I.: A new modulation principle for incoherent
scatter measurements, Radio Sci., 22, 625–634,
https://doi.org/10.1029/RS022i004p00625, 1987. a
Mann, I., Häggström, I., Tjulin, A., Rostami, S., Anyairo, C. C., and Dalin,
P.: First wind shear observation in PMSE with the tristatic EISCAT VHF radar,
J. Geophys. Res., 121, 11271–11281, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023080, 2016. a
McCrea, I., Aikio, A., Alfonsi, L., Belova, E., Buchert, S., Clilverd, M.,
Engler, N., Gustavsson, B., Heinselman, C., Kero, J., Kosch, M., Lamy, H.,
Leyser, T., Ogawa, Y., Oksavik, K., Pellinen-Wannberg, A., Pitout, F., Rapp,
M., Stanislawska, I., and Vierinen, J.: The science case for the EISCAT_3D
radar, Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 2, 21,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-015-0051-8, 2015. a
Nicolls, M. J., Bahcivan, H., Häggström, I., and Rietveld, M.: Direct
measurement of lower thermospheric neutral density using multifrequency
incoherent scattering, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8147–8154,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062204, 2014a. a
Nicolls, M. J., Cosgrove, R., and Bahcivan, H.: Estimating the vector electric
field using monostatic, multibeam incoherent scatter radar measurements,
Radio Sci., 49, 1124–1139, 2014b. a
Nygrén, T., Aikio, A. T., Voiculescu, M., and Kuula, R.: Statistical
evaluation of electric field and neutral wind results from beam-swing
incoherent scatter measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A04319,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017307, 2012. a, b, c
Picone, J. M., Edin, A. E., Aikin, A. C., and Drob, D.: NRLMSISE‐00 empirical
model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues,
J. Geophys. Res., 107, SIA 15-1–SIA 15-16 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009430, 2002. a
Roininen, L., Lehtinen, M. S., Lasanen, S., and Orispää, M.: Correlation
priors, Inverse Probl. Imag., 5, 167–184,
https://doi.org/10.3934/ipi.2011.5.167, 2011. a
Sangalli, L., Knudsen, D. J., Larsen, M. F., Zhan, T., Pfaff, R. F., and
Rowland, D.: Rocket-based measurements of ion velocity, neutral wind, and
electric field in the collisional transition region of the auroral
ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A04306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013757,
2009. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Stamm, J. and Vierinen, J.: Replication Data for: “Observing electrical fields and neutral winds with EISCAT 3D”, DataverseNO [data set], https://doi.org/10.18710/WPJH8O, 2021. a
Stober, G., Chau, J. L., Vierinen, J., Jacobi, C., and Wilhelm, S.: Retrieving horizontally resolved wind fields using multi-static meteor radar observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4891–4907, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4891-2018, 2018. a
Takahashi, T., Virtanen, I. I., Hosokawa, K., Ogawa, Y., Aikio, A., Miyaoka,
H., and Kero, A.: Polarization electric field inside auroral patches:
Simultaneous experiment of EISCAT radars and KAIRA, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 124, 3543–3557, 2019. a
Thébault, E., Finlay, C. C., Beggan, C. D., Alken, P., Aubert, J., Barrois,
O., Bertrand, F., Bondar, T., Boness, A., Brocco, L., Canet, E., Chambodut,
A., Chulliat, A., Coïsson, P., Civet, F., Du, A., Fournier, A., Fratter, I.,
Gillet, N., Hamilton, B., Hamoudi, M., Hulot, G., Jager, T., Korte, M.,
Kuang, W., Lalanne, X., Langlais, B., Léger, J.-M., Lesur, V., Lowes, F. J.,
Macmillan, S., Mandea, M., Manoj, C., Maus, S., Olsen, N., Petrov, V.,
Ridley, V., Rother, M., Sabaka, T. J., Saturnino, D., Schachtschneider, R.,
Sirol, O., Tangborn, A., Thomson, A., Tøffner-Clausen, L., Vigneron, P.,
Wardinski, I., and Zvereva, T.: International Geomagnetic Reference Field:
the 12th generation, Earth, Planets, and Space, 67, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0228-9, 2015. a
Vallinkoski, M.: Error analysis of incoherent scatter radar measurements, PhD
thesis, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 1989. a
Virtanen, I. I., McKay-Bukowski, D., Vierinen, J., Aikio, A., Fallows, R., and
Roininen, L.: Plasma parameter estimation from multistatic, multibeam
incoherent scatter data, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119,
10528–10543, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020540, 2014. a
Williams, P. J. S., Jones, G. O. L., and Jain, A. R.: Methods of measuring
plasma velocity with EISCAT, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.,
46, 521–530, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(84)90071-0, 1984. a, b, c
Wirth, W.-D.: Radar techniques using array antennas, The institution of
Electrical Engineers, London, 2001. a
Short summary
Measurements of the electric field and neutral wind in the ionosphere are important for understanding energy flows or electric currents. With incoherent scatter radars (ISRs), we can measure the velocity of the ions, which depends on both the electrical field and the neutral wind. In this paper, we investigate methods to use ISR data to find reasonable values for both parameters. We find that electric field can be well measured down to 125 km height and neutral wind below this height.
Measurements of the electric field and neutral wind in the ionosphere are important for...
