Articles | Volume 44, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-773-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-773-2026
Regular paper
 | 
19 Aug 2026
Regular paper |  | 19 Aug 2026

Storm-time energy budget in the high latitude lower thermosphere–ionosphere: quantification of energy exchange and comparison of different drivers in TIE-GCM

Stelios Tourgaidis, Theodoros Sarris, Dimitrios Baloukidis, Stephan Buchert, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Konstantinos Papadakis, and Athanasios Balafoutis

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Latest update: 19 Aug 2026
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Short summary
The Lower Thermosphere-Ionosphere energy balance is driven by complex interactions between ions, neutrals and electrons. These processes are understood theoretically, but their estimates show large discrepancies between models. We calculate the storm-time energy budget according to the neutrals, ions and electrons using TIE-GCM (Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model) using two different external drivers. Discrepancies between the model runs are discussed and the way forward to close the gaps in present knowledge is highlighted.
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