Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-489-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-489-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
Regular paper
 | 
23 Jun 2026
Regular paper |  | 23 Jun 2026

Equatorial ionospheric plasma bubbles during intense geomagnetic storms of Solar Cycle 25

Nadia Imtiaz, Andres Calabia, Chukwuma Anoruo, Aqsa Zahid, Christine Amory-Mazaudier, and Binod Adhikari

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Cited articles

Aa, E., Zhu, S., and Liu, S.: Statistical Analysis of Equatorial Plasma Irregularities Retrieved From Swarm 2013–2019 Observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 125, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027022, 2020. a
Aa, E., Chen, Y., and Luo, B.: Dynamic Expansion and Merging of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly During the 10–11 May 2024 Super Geomagnetic Storm, Remote Sens., 16, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224290, 2024. a, b, c
Aarons, J.: The role of the ring current in the generation or inhibition of equatorial F layer irregularities during magnetic storms, Radio Sci., 26, 1131–1149, 1991. a, b
Aarons, J.: Global positioning system phase fluctuations at auroral latitudes, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 102, 17219–17231, 1997. a, b, c
Abdu, M. A.: Major phenomena of the equatorial ionosphere-thermosphere system under disturbed conditions, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 59, 1505–1519, 1997. a, b, c
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Comprehensive analysis of geomagnetic storms from 23–25 March, 23–25 April, 4–6 November 2023, and  10–13 May 2024, reveals that solar wind parameters, geomagnetic activity, Joule heating, and Prompt Penetration Electric Fields significantly influence ionospheric Total Electron Content variations, Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest formations, and post-sunset plasma irregularities. The storms highlighted the importance of inter-hemispheric asymmetries in Joule Heating, which affected the distribution and magnitude of ionospheric disturbances.
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