Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-489-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-489-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
Regular paper
 | 
23 Jun 2026
Regular paper |  | 23 Jun 2026

Equatorial ionospheric plasma bubbles during intense geomagnetic storms of Solar Cycle 25

Nadia Imtiaz, Andres Calabia, Chukwuma Anoruo, Aqsa Zahid, Christine Amory-Mazaudier, and Binod Adhikari

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Short summary
Comprehensive analysis of geomagnetic storms from 23–25 March, 23–25 April, 4–6 November 2023, and  10–13 May 2024, reveals that solar wind parameters, geomagnetic activity, Joule heating, and Prompt Penetration Electric Fields significantly influence ionospheric Total Electron Content variations, Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest formations, and post-sunset plasma irregularities. The storms highlighted the importance of inter-hemispheric asymmetries in Joule Heating, which affected the distribution and magnitude of ionospheric disturbances.
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