Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-353-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-353-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
Regular paper
 | 
19 May 2026
Regular paper |  | 19 May 2026

High-latitude MSTIDs over the EISCAT-3D site: solar activity and seasonal dependency

Rahul Rathi, Adrian Grocott, Tim K. Yeoman, and Mark Lester

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Boyde, B., Wood, A., Dorrian, G., Fallows, R. A., Themens, D., Mielich, J., Elvidge, S., Mevius, M., Zucca, P., Dabrowski, B., Krankowski, A., Vocks, C., and Bisi, M.: Lensing from small-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances observed using LOFAR, J. Space Weather Space Clim., 12, 34, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2022030, 2022.  
Boyde, B., Wood, A., Dorrian, G., de Gasperin, F., and Mevius, M.: Statistics of travelling ionospheric disturbances observed using the LOFAR radio telescope, J. Space Weather Space Clim., 15, 6, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2025002, 2025. 
Carter, B. A., Pradipta, R., Dao, T., Currie, J. L., Choy, S., Wilkinson, P., Maher, P., Marshall, R., Harima, K., Le Huy, M., Nguyen Chien, T., Nguyen Ha, T., and Harris, T. J.: The ionospheric effects of the 2022 Hunga Tonga Volcano eruption and the associated impacts on GPS Precise Point Positioning across the Australian region, Space Weather, 21, e2023SW003476, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003476, 2023. 
Chisham, G., Lester, M., Milan, S.E., Freeman, M. P., Bristow, W. A., Grocott, A., McWilliams, K. A., Ruohoniemi, J. M., Yeoman, T. K., Dyson, P. L., Greenwald, R. A., Kikuchi, T., Pinnock, M., Rash, J. P. S., Sato, N., Sofko, G. J., Villain, J. P., and Walker, A. D. M.: A decade of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN): scientific achievements, new techniques and future directions, Surv. Geophys., 28, 33–109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-007-9017-8, 2007. 
Ding, F., Wan, W., Liu, L., Afraimovich, E. L., Voeykov, S. V., and Perevalova, N. P.: A statistical study of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by GPS TEC during major magnetic storms over the years 2003–2005, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A00A01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013037, 2008. 
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We investigate high-latitude medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT)-3D site. Using Hankasalmi radar data during solar max & min years of solar cycles 23 & 24, we observed that MSTIDs normally propagate equatorward with velocity and period of 50–150 m s-1 and 30–60 minutes, respectively. Along with seasonal variation, MSTIDs showed dependency on solar activity as well as on northward and southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz.
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