Articles | Volume 41, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-589-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-589-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
13 Dec 2023
Regular paper |
| 13 Dec 2023
| 13 Dec 2023
On mechanisms for high-frequency pump-enhanced optical emissions at 557.7 and 630.0 nm from atomic oxygen in the high-latitude F-region ionosphere
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden
Tima Sergienko
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
Urban Brändström
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
Björn Gustavsson
Department of Physics and Technology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Michael T. Rietveld
EISCAT Scientific Association, Ramfjordmoen, Norway
retired
Related authors
Thomas B. Leyser, Björn Gustavsson, Theresa Rexer, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 38, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-297-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-297-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Powerful radio waves transmitted into the ionosphere give the strongest turbulence effects in geomagnetic zenith, antiparallel to the magnetic field in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results obtained with the EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATter association) Heating facility in Norway and the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar together with modelling suggest that the pump wave propagates in the L mode, rather than in the O mode that is usually assumed to be involved in such experiments.
Thomas B. Leyser, H. Gordon James, Björn Gustavsson, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 36, 243–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-243-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-243-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Transmission of powerful radio waves into the overhead ionosphere is used to study plasma turbulence processes. It is well known that the ionospheric response to radio waves is the strongest in the direction of the geomagnetic field. We have found evidence that the transmitted radio wave can propagate in a mode that enables the wave to propagate much higher in altitude and deeper into the ionosphere than what is usually expected, which may account for the strong plasma response observed.
Devin Huyghebaert, Björn Gustavsson, Juha Vierinen, Andreas Kvammen, Matthew Zettergren, John Swoboda, Ilkka Virtanen, Spencer Hatch, and Karl M. Laundal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-802, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-802, 2024
Short summary
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The EISCAT_3D radar is a new ionospheric radar under construction in the Fennoscandia region. The radar will make measurements of plasma characteristics at altitudes above approximately 60 km. The capability of the system to make these measurements on spatial scales of less than 100 m using the multiple digitised signals from each of the radar antenna panels is highlighted. There are many ionospheric small-scale processes that will be further resolved using the techniques discussed here.
Peter Dalin, Urban Brändström, Johan Kero, Peter Voelger, Takanori Nishiyama, Trond Trondsen, Devin Wyatt, Craig Unick, Vladimir Perminov, Nikolay Pertsev, and Jonas Hedin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1561–1576, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1561-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1561-2024, 2024
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A novel infrared imaging instrument (OH imager) was put into operation in November 2022 at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics in Kiruna (Sweden). The OH imager is dedicated to the study of nightglow emissions coming from the hydroxyl (OH) and molecular oxygen (O2) layers in the mesopause (80–100 km). Based on a brightness ratio of two OH emission lines, the neutral temperature is estimated at around 87 km. The average daily winter temperature for the period January–April 2023 is 203±10 K.
Theresa Rexer, Björn Gustavsson, Juha Vierinen, Andres Spicher, Devin Ray Huyghebaert, Andreas Kvammen, Robert Gillies, and Asti Bhatt
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-18, 2024
Preprint under review for GI
Short summary
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We present a second-level calibration method for electron density measurements from multi-beam incoherent scatter radars. It is based on the well-known Flat field correction method used in imaging and photography. The methods improve data quality and useability as they account for unaccounted, and unpredictable variations in the radar system. This is valuable for studies where inter-beam calibration is important such as studies of polar cap patches, plasma irregularities and turbulence.
Yoshimasa Tanaka, Yasunobu Ogawa, Akira Kadokura, Takehiko Aso, Björn Gustavsson, Urban Brändström, Tima Sergienko, Genta Ueno, and Satoko Saita
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2023-35, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2023-35, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for ANGEO
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We present by simulation how useful monochromatic images taken by a multi-point imager network are for auroral research in the EISCAT_3D project. We apply the generalized-aurora computed tomography (G-ACT) method to modelled multiple auroral images and ionospheric electron density data. It is demonstrated that the G-ACT provides better reconstruction results than the normal ACT and can interpolate ionospheric electron density at a much higher spatial resolution than observed by EISCAT_3D radar.
Masatoshi Yamauchi and Urban Brändström
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 12, 71–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-71-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-71-2023, 2023
Short summary
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Potential users of all-sky aurora images even include power companies, tourists, and aurora enthusiasts. However, these potential users are normally not familiar with interpreting these images. To make them comprehensive for more users, we developed an automatic evaluation system of auroral activity level. The method involves two steps: first making a simple set of numbers that describes the auroral activity and then further simplifying them into several levels (Level 6 is an auroral explosion).
Tinna L. Gunnarsdottir, Arne Poggenpohl, Ingrid Mann, Alireza Mahmoudian, Peter Dalin, Ingemar Haeggstroem, and Michael Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 41, 93–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-93-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-93-2023, 2023
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Temperatures at 85 km around Earth's poles in summer can be so cold that small ice particles form. These can become charged, and, combined with turbulence at these altitudes, they can influence the many electrons present. This can cause large radar echoes called polar mesospheric summer echoes. We use radio waves to heat these echoes on and off when the sun is close to or below the horizon. This allows us to gain some insight into these ice particles and how the sun influences the echoes.
Johann Stamm, Juha Vierinen, Björn Gustavsson, and Andres Spicher
Ann. Geophys., 41, 55–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-55-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-55-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study of some ionospheric events benefit from the knowledge of how the physics varies over a volume and over time. Examples are studies of aurora or energy deposition. With EISCAT3D, measurements of ion velocity vectors in a volume will be possible for the first time. We present a technique that uses a set of such measurements to estimate electric field and neutral wind. The technique relies on adding restrictions to the estimates. We successfully consider restrictions based on physics.
Daniel K. Whiter, Noora Partamies, Björn Gustavsson, and Kirsti Kauristie
Ann. Geophys., 41, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-1-2023, 2023
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We measured the height of green and blue aurorae using thousands of camera images recorded over a 7-year period. Both colours are typically brightest at about 114 km altitude. When they peak at higher altitudes the blue aurora is usually higher than the green aurora. This information will help other studies which need an estimate of the auroral height. We used a computer model to explain our observations and to investigate how the green aurora is produced.
Mizuki Fukizawa, Takeshi Sakanoi, Yoshimasa Tanaka, Yasunobu Ogawa, Keisuke Hosokawa, Björn Gustavsson, Kirsti Kauristie, Alexander Kozlovsky, Tero Raita, Urban Brändström, and Tima Sergienko
Ann. Geophys., 40, 475–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-475-2022, 2022
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The pulsating auroral generation mechanism has been investigated by observing precipitating electrons using rockets or satellites. However, it is difficult for such observations to distinguish temporal changes from spatial ones. In this study, we reconstructed the horizontal 2-D distribution of precipitating electrons using only auroral images. The 3-D aurora structure was also reconstructed. We found that there were both spatial and temporal changes in the precipitating electron energy.
Johann Stamm, Juha Vierinen, and Björn Gustavsson
Ann. Geophys., 39, 961–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-961-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-961-2021, 2021
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Measurements of the electric field and neutral wind in the ionosphere are important for understanding energy flows or electric currents. With incoherent scatter radars (ISRs), we can measure the velocity of the ions, which depends on both the electrical field and the neutral wind. In this paper, we investigate methods to use ISR data to find reasonable values for both parameters. We find that electric field can be well measured down to 125 km height and neutral wind below this height.
Torbjørn Tveito, Juha Vierinen, Björn Gustavsson, and Viswanathan Lakshmi Narayanan
Ann. Geophys., 39, 427–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-427-2021, 2021
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This work explores the role of EISCAT 3D as a tool for planetary mapping. Due to the challenges inherent in detecting the signals reflected from faraway bodies, we have concluded that only the Moon is a viable mapping target. We estimate the impact of the ionosphere on lunar mapping, concluding that its distorting effects should be easily manageable. EISCAT 3D will be useful for mapping the lunar nearside due to its previously unused frequency (233 MHz) and its interferometric capabilities.
Johann Stamm, Juha Vierinen, Juan M. Urco, Björn Gustavsson, and Jorge L. Chau
Ann. Geophys., 39, 119–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-119-2021, 2021
Alireza Mahmoudian, Mike J. Kosch, Wayne A. Scales, Michael T. Rietveld, and Henry Pinedo
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-81, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-81, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
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The polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) are very strong radar echoes observed in the frequency range of 2 MHz up to 1 GHz. Such radar echoes are attributed to the ice clouds formed in the mesosphere and are widely believed to link to global climate change. PMSEs are coherent echoes produced by plasma density fluctuations at half the radar wavelengts. This paper investigates the unresolved problem of short durability of plasma fluctuations at smaller wavelengths in upper atmospheric physics.
Michael T. Rietveld and Andrew Senior
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1101–1113, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1101-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an explanation for mysterious radar echoes that look like increases in electron density during incoherent scatter radar measurements made when a high-power high-frequency (4–8 MHz) radio wave is transmitted up into the ionosphere. These echoes are seen at heights from about 200 to 650 km. We suggest that radar echoes at 930 MHz are guided along the earth's magnetic field by electron density irregularities created by the powerful radio wave, similar to light in an optical fibre.
Sam Tuttle, Betty Lanchester, Björn Gustavsson, Daniel Whiter, Nickolay Ivchenko, Robert Fear, and Mark Lester
Ann. Geophys., 38, 845–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-845-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-845-2020, 2020
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Electric fields in the atmosphere near dynamic aurora are important in the physics of the electric circuit within the Earth's magnetic field. Oxygen ions emit light as they move under the influence of these electric fields; the flow of this emission is used to find the electric field at high temporal resolution. The solution needs two other simultaneous measurements of auroral emissions to give key parameters such as the auroral energy. The electric fields increase with brightness of the aurora.
Thomas B. Leyser, Björn Gustavsson, Theresa Rexer, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 38, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-297-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-297-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Powerful radio waves transmitted into the ionosphere give the strongest turbulence effects in geomagnetic zenith, antiparallel to the magnetic field in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results obtained with the EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATter association) Heating facility in Norway and the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar together with modelling suggest that the pump wave propagates in the L mode, rather than in the O mode that is usually assumed to be involved in such experiments.
Jun Wu, Jian Wu, Michael T. Rietveld, Ingemar Haggstrom, Haisheng Zhao, Tong Xu, and Zhengwen Xu
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2019-23, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2019-23, 2019
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Thomas B. Leyser, H. Gordon James, Björn Gustavsson, and Michael T. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 36, 243–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-243-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-243-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Transmission of powerful radio waves into the overhead ionosphere is used to study plasma turbulence processes. It is well known that the ionospheric response to radio waves is the strongest in the direction of the geomagnetic field. We have found evidence that the transmitted radio wave can propagate in a mode that enables the wave to propagate much higher in altitude and deeper into the ionosphere than what is usually expected, which may account for the strong plasma response observed.
H. Y. Fu, W. A. Scales, P. A. Bernhardt, S. J. Briczinski, M. J. Kosch, A. Senior, M. T. Rietveld, T. K. Yeoman, and J. M. Ruohoniemi
Ann. Geophys., 33, 983–990, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-983-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-983-2015, 2015
Short summary
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This paper reports the first experimental observation of stimulated Brillouin scattering near the third electron gyro-harmonic induced by high-frequency, high-power radio waves at EISCAT. The stimulated Brillouin scattering has also been correlated with simultaneous observations of the
field-aligned irregularities and electron temperature. The observed stimulated Brillouin scattering becomes enhanced for pumping near electron gyro-harmonics.
O. Havnes, H. Pinedo, C. La Hoz, A. Senior, T. W. Hartquist, M. T. Rietveld, and M. J. Kosch
Ann. Geophys., 33, 737–747, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-737-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-737-2015, 2015
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Noctilucent clouds were observed by two radars at different wavelengths. Artificial electron heating was applied. As predicted by modelling, there is a general difference between the observations by the two radars. However, for some heater cycles we observed an exceptionally strong, rapid and similar increase in backscatter for both radars when the heater was on. Models predict a considerable difference in reaction. Our observation indicate that the charging models may not be complete.
F. Sigernes, S. E. Holmen, D. Biles, H. Bjørklund, X. Chen, M. Dyrland, D. A. Lorentzen, L. Baddeley, T. Trondsen, U. Brändström, E. Trondsen, B. Lybekk, J. Moen, S. Chernouss, and C. S. Deehr
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 241–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-241-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-241-2014, 2014
Short summary
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A two-step procedure to calibrate the spectral sensitivity of auroral all-sky (fish-eye) cameras is outlined. First, center pixel response is obtained by the use of a Lambertian surface and a standard tungsten lamp. Second, all-sky flat-field correction is carried out with an integrating sphere.
K. Axelsson, T. Sergienko, H. Nilsson, U. Brändström, K. Asamura, and T. Sakanoi
Ann. Geophys., 32, 499–506, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-499-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-499-2014, 2014
N. M. Schlatter, N. Ivchenko, T. Sergienko, B. Gustavsson, and B. U. E. Brändström
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1681–1687, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1681-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1681-2013, 2013
E. Belova, S. Kirkwood, and T. Sergienko
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1177–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1177-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1177-2013, 2013
N. M. Schlatter, N. Ivchenko, B. Gustavsson, T. Leyser, and M. Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1103–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1103-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1103-2013, 2013
K. Axelsson, T. Sergienko, H. Nilsson, U. Brändström, Y. Ebihara, K. Asamura, and M. Hirahara
Ann. Geophys., 30, 1693–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1693-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1693-2012, 2012
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Short summary
Powerful radio waves transmitted into the ionosphere from the ground were used to study electron energization in the pumped ionospheric plasma turbulence, by detecting optical emissions from atomic oxygen. Our results obtained with the EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) facilities in northern Norway and optical detection with the ALIS (Auroral Large Imaging System) in northern Sweden suggest that long-wavelength upper hybrid waves are important in accelerating electrons.
Powerful radio waves transmitted into the ionosphere from the ground were used to study electron...
