Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 44, issue 2
Articles | Volume 44, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-715-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-715-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 44, issue 2
Regular paper
 | 
05 Aug 2026
Regular paper |  | 05 Aug 2026

What is the neutral wind in height-integrated ionospheric electrodynamics?

Spencer Mark Hatch, Johnathan Burchill, Heikki Vanhamäki, Rafael Luiz Araujo de Mesquita, and Karl Magnus Laundal

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Short summary
Atmospheric winds at high altitudes (> 100 km) can play an important role in the electrodynamic processes that govern how ionospheric plasma interacts with Earth's neutral atmosphere. Here we investigate how a common idea in studies of ionospheric electrodynamics—that atmospheric winds can be ignored or represented via an average value—ignores the high variability of these winds. This variability forces a different formulation of the equations that govern ionosphere-thermosphere electrodynamics.
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