Articles | Volume 43, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-241-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-241-2025
Regular paper
 | 
20 May 2025
Regular paper |  | 20 May 2025

A critical review and presentation of the complete, historic series of K indices as determined at Norwegian magnetic observatories since 1939

Ingeborg Frøystein and Magnar Gullikstad Johnsen

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Cited articles

Andalsvik, Y. L. and Jacobsen, K. S.: Observed high-latitude GNSS disturbances during a less-than-minor geomagnetic storm, Radio Sci., 49, 1277–1288, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RS005418, 2014. a
Bartels, J.: The Technique of Scaling Indices K and Q of Geomagnetic Activity, Ann. Intern. Geophys. Year, 4, 215–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-1304-0.50006-3, 1957. a
Bartels, J. and Veldkamp, J.: International data on magnetic disturbances, first quarter, 1954, J. Geophys. Res. (1896–1977), 59, 423–427, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ059i003p00423, 1954. a
Bartels, J., Heck, N. H., and Johnston, H. F.: The three-hour-range index measuring geomagnetic activity, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, 44, 411, https://doi.org/10.1029/TE044i004p00411, 1939. a, b
Bartels, J., Veldkamp, J., and IAGA: IATME Bulletin no. 12c – Geomagnetic Indices K and C, 1949, IUGG, https://doi.org/10.25577/5m6g-b033, 1950. a, b
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Short summary
The complete time series of the geomagnetic disturbance index (K) from Norwegian magnetic observatories have been digitized. We compare and discuss the tree methods used to derive the index, finding that each method has strengths and weaknesses. In total, we present all K indices derived from Norwegian observatories since the 1930s until today, the used derivation methods and the long historic time series as a whole, enabling critical use for future scientific work.
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