Articles | Volume 39, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1055-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1055-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
17 Dec 2021
Regular paper |
| 17 Dec 2021
| 17 Dec 2021
Modelling the influence of meteoric smoke particles on artificial heating in the D-region
Margaretha Myrvang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Physics and Technology, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Carsten Baumann
German Aerospace Center, Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany
Ingrid Mann
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Physics and Technology, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Related authors
Carsten Baumann, Margaretha Myrvang, and Ingrid Mann
Ann. Geophys., 38, 919–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-919-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-919-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dust grains exist throughout our solar system. This dust is subject to destruction processes like sublimation and sputtering. Sputtering is the erosion of dust through the impact solar wind and can be very effective near the Sun. We performed calculations to find out how important the sputtering process is compared to the sublimation of dust. Recently launched spacecraft will probe the proximity of the Sun and measure the dust population. Our work will help to understand these measurements.
Adrien Pineau, Henriette Trollvik, Sveinung Olsen, Yngve Eilertsen, and Ingrid Mann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2762, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2762, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The mesosphere, part of the upper atmosphere, contains small solid dust particles, mostly made up of material from interplanetary space. We are preparing an experiment to collect such particles during a rocket flight. A new instrument has been designed and numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the airflow nearby as well as its dust collection efficiency. The collected dust particles will be further analyzed in laboratory in order to study their chemical composition.
Florian Günzkofer, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Gunter Stober, Ingrid Mann, Sharon L. Vadas, Erich Becker, Anders Tjulin, Alexander Kozlovsky, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Evgenia Belova, Johan Kero, Nicholas J. Mitchell, and Claudia Borries
Ann. Geophys., 41, 409–428, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity waves (GWs) are waves in Earth's atmosphere and can be observed as cloud ripples. Under certain conditions, these waves can propagate up into the ionosphere. Here, they can cause ripples in the ionosphere plasma, observable as oscillations of the plasma density. Therefore, GWs contribute to the ionospheric variability, making them relevant for space weather prediction. Additionally, the behavior of these waves allows us to draw conclusions about the atmosphere at these altitudes.
Tinna Lif Gunnarsdottir, Ingrid Mann, Wuhu Feng, Devin R. Huyghebaert, Ingemar Haeggstroem, Yasunobu Ogawa, Norihito Saito, Satonori Nozawa, and Takuya D. Kawahara
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2023-29, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2023-29, 2023
Preprint under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
Several tons of meteoric particles burn up in our atmosphere each day. This deposits a great deal of material that bids with other atmospheric particles and forms so-called Meteoric Smoke Particles. These particles are assumed to influence radar measurements. Here we have compared radar measurements with simulations of a radar spectrum with and without dust particles and found that dust influences the radar spectrum in the altitude range of 75–85 km.
Samuel Kočiščák, Ingrid Mann, Nicole Meyer-Vernet, Audun Theodorsen, Jakub Vaverka, and Arnaud Zaslavsky
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2067, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2067, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In-situ observations are crucial for understanding the interplanetary dust, yet not every spacecraft has a dedicated dust detector. Dust encounters happen at great speeds, leading to high energy density at impact, leading to ionization and charge release, which is detected with electrical antennas. Our work focused on understanding how the transient charge plume interacts with Solar Orbiter spacecraft. Our findings are relevant for design of future experiments and understanding of present data.
Dorota Jozwicki, Puneet Sharma, Devin Huyghebaert, and Ingrid Mann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-977, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-977, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the relationship between PMSE layers and the solar cycle. Our results indicate that PMSE altitude, echo power, and layer thickness are on average higher during solar maximum than solar minimum. Higher electron densities at ionospheric altitudes might be necessary to observe multi-layered PMSE. We observed that the thickness decreases as the number of multi-layers increase. We hypothesized that the thickness of PMSE layers may be related to the vertical wavelength of gravity waves
Tinna L. Gunnarsdottir, Arne Poggenpohl, Ingrid Mann, Alireza Mahmoudian, Peter Dalin, Ingemar Haeggstroem, and Michael Rietveld
Ann. Geophys., 41, 93–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-93-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-93-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Temperatures at 85 km around Earth's poles in summer can be so cold that small ice particles form. These can become charged, and, combined with turbulence at these altitudes, they can influence the many electrons present. This can cause large radar echoes called polar mesospheric summer echoes. We use radio waves to heat these echoes on and off when the sun is close to or below the horizon. This allows us to gain some insight into these ice particles and how the sun influences the echoes.
Andreas Kvammen, Kristoffer Wickstrøm, Samuel Kociscak, Jakub Vaverka, Libor Nouzak, Arnaud Zaslavsky, Kristina Rackovic Babic, Amalie Gjelsvik, David Pisa, Jan Soucek, and Ingrid Mann
Ann. Geophys., 41, 69–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-69-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-69-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Collisional fragmentation of asteroids, comets and meteoroids is the main source of dust in the solar system. The dust distribution is however uncharted and the role of dust in the solar system is largely unknown. At present, the interplanetary medium is explored by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. We present a novel method, based on artificial intelligence, that can be used for detecting dust impacts in Solar Orbiter observations with high accuracy, advancing the study of dust in the solar system.
Carsten Baumann, Antti Kero, Shikha Raizada, Markus Rapp, Michael P. Sulzer, Pekka T. Verronen, and Juha Vierinen
Ann. Geophys., 40, 519–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-519-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-519-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arecibo radar was used to probe free electrons of the ionized atmosphere between 70 and 100 km altitude. This is also the altitude region were meteors evaporate and form secondary particulate matter, the so-called meteor smoke particles (MSPs). Free electrons attach to these MSPs when the sun is below the horizon and cause a drop in the number of free electrons, which are the subject of these measurements. We also identified a different number of free electrons during sunset and sunrise.
Kyoko K. Tanaka, Ingrid Mann, and Yuki Kimura
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5639–5650, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5639-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5639-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have investigated the nucleation process of noctilucent clouds observed in the mesosphere using a theoretical approach, where we adopt a more accurate model called the semi-phenomenological model for the nucleation process. We obtained an important result that rejects one of the two dominant nucleation mechanisms that have been proposed. Our results show it is extremely difficult for homogeneous nucleation of water to occur in the mesosphere, while heterogeneous nucleation occurs effectively.
Tarjei Antonsen, Ingrid Mann, Jakub Vaverka, Libor Nouzak, and Åshild Fredriksen
Ann. Geophys., 39, 533–548, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-533-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-533-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper discusses the charge generation for impacts of nano- to micro-scale dust on metal surfaces at speeds below a few kilometres per second. By introducing a model of capacitive coupling between the dust and the impact surface, we find that at such low speeds, the charge can be dominated by contact charging as opposed to plasma generation.
Joshua Baptiste, Connor Williamson, John Fox, Anthony J. Stace, Muhammad Hassan, Stefanie Braun, Benjamin Stamm, Ingrid Mann, and Elena Besley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8735–8745, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Agglomeration of ice and dust particles in the mesosphere are studied, using classical electrostatic approaches which are extended to capture the induced polarisation of surface charge. The instances of strong attraction between particles of the same sign of charge are predicted, which take place at small separation distances and also lead to the formation of stable aggregates.
Viswanathan Lakshmi Narayanan, Satonori Nozawa, Shin-Ichiro Oyama, Ingrid Mann, Kazuo Shiokawa, Yuichi Otsuka, Norihito Saito, Satoshi Wada, Takuya D. Kawahara, and Toru Takahashi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2343–2361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2343-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the past, additional sodium peaks occurring above the main sodium layer of the upper mesosphere were discussed. Here, formation of an additional sodium peak below the main sodium layer peak is discussed in detail. The event coincided with passage of multiple mesospheric bores, which are step-like disturbances occurring in the upper mesosphere. Hence, this work highlights the importance of such mesospheric bores in causing significant changes to the minor species concentration in a short time.
Carsten Baumann, Margaretha Myrvang, and Ingrid Mann
Ann. Geophys., 38, 919–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-919-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-919-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dust grains exist throughout our solar system. This dust is subject to destruction processes like sublimation and sputtering. Sputtering is the erosion of dust through the impact solar wind and can be very effective near the Sun. We performed calculations to find out how important the sputtering process is compared to the sublimation of dust. Recently launched spacecraft will probe the proximity of the Sun and measure the dust population. Our work will help to understand these measurements.
Henriette Trollvik, Ingrid Mann, Sveinung Olsen, and Yngve Eilertsen
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-278, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-278, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss the design of a rocket instrument to collect mesospheric dust consisting of ice with embedded non-volatile meteoric smoke particles. The instrument consists of a collection device and an attached conic funnel. We consider the dust trajectories in the airflow and fragmentation at the funnel. For summer atmospheric conditions at 85 km and assuming that the ice components vaporize we estimate that up to 1014 to 1015 amu of non-volatile dust material can be collected.
Ingrid Mann, Libor Nouzák, Jakub Vaverka, Tarjei Antonsen, Åshild Fredriksen, Karine Issautier, David Malaspina, Nicole Meyer-Vernet, Jiří Pavlů, Zoltan Sternovsky, Joan Stude, Shengyi Ye, and Arnaud Zaslavsky
Ann. Geophys., 37, 1121–1140, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1121-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1121-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a review of dust measurements from spacecraft Cassini, STEREO, MMS, Cluster, Maven and WIND. We also consider the details of dust impacts and charge generation, and how different antenna signals can be generated. We compare observational data to laboratory experiments and simulations and discuss the consequences for dust observation with the new NASA Parker Solar Probe and ESA Solar Orbiter spacecraft.
Carsten Baumann, Markus Rapp, and Antti Kero
Ann. Geophys., 34, 573–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-573-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-573-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Meteor smoke particles (MSPs), originating from evaporated meteoric matter at 60–110 km altitude, are present in the whole atmosphere including polar regions. As electron precipitation is present at high latitudes, these MSPs are bombarded by energetic electrons. The energetic electrons can enter the MSPs and excite secondary electrons. That can lead to a change of the charge state of these MSPs. The study finds that other charging processes, e.g., electron attachment, are more important.
H. Gunell, L. Andersson, J. De Keyser, and I. Mann
Ann. Geophys., 33, 1331–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1331-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1331-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In a simulation study of the downward current region of the aurora, i.e. where electrons are accelerated upward, double layers are seen to form at low altitude and move upward until they are disrupted at altitudes of ten thousand kilometres or thereabouts. When one double layer is disrupted a new one forms below, and the process repeats itself. The repeated demise and reformation allows ions to flow upward without passing through the double layers that otherwise would have kept them down.
H. Gunell, L. Andersson, J. De Keyser, and I. Mann
Ann. Geophys., 33, 279–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-279-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-279-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we simulate the plasma on a magnetic field line above the aurora. Initially, about half of the acceleration voltage is concentrated in a thin double layer at a few thousand km altitude. When the voltage is lowered, electrons trapped between the double layer and the magnetic mirror are released. In the process we see formation of electron beams and phase space holes. A temporary reversal of the polarity of the double layer is also seen as well as hysteresis effects in its position.
C. Baumann, M. Rapp, A. Kero, and C.-F. Enell
Ann. Geophys., 31, 2049–2062, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2049-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2049-2013, 2013
H. Gunell, J. De Keyser, E. Gamby, and I. Mann
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1227–1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1227-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1227-2013, 2013
I. Mann and M. Hamrin
Ann. Geophys., 31, 39–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-39-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-39-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Earth's ionosphere & aeronomy | Keywords: Active experiments
Ducting of incoherent scatter radar waves by field-aligned irregularities
Comparison of CSES ionospheric RO data with COSMIC measurements
An investigation of the ionospheric F region near the EIA crest in India using OI 777.4 and 630.0 nm nightglow observations
Michael T. Rietveld and Andrew Senior
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1101–1113, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1101-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an explanation for mysterious radar echoes that look like increases in electron density during incoherent scatter radar measurements made when a high-power high-frequency (4–8 MHz) radio wave is transmitted up into the ionosphere. These echoes are seen at heights from about 200 to 650 km. We suggest that radar echoes at 930 MHz are guided along the earth's magnetic field by electron density irregularities created by the powerful radio wave, similar to light in an optical fibre.
Xiuying Wang, Wanli Cheng, Zihan Zhou, Song Xu, Dehe Yang, and Jing Cui
Ann. Geophys., 37, 1025–1038, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1025-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1025-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In order to validate the CSES ionospheric RO data, ionospheric peak values, peak heights and electron density profiles observed by CSES are compared with the corresponding COSMIC RO measurements obtained from 12 February 2018, to 31 March 2019. The results show the two sets are in good agreement, and CSES ionospheric RO data are available for ionosphere-related studies considering the extensive validation and application of COSMIC RO data.
Navin Parihar, Sandro Maria Radicella, Bruno Nava, Yenca Olivia Migoya-Orue, Prabhakar Tiwari, and Rajesh Singh
Ann. Geophys., 36, 809–823, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-809-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-809-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using an empirical approach put forward by Makela et al. (2001), firstly, we propose a novel technique to calibrate OI 777.4 and 630.0 nm emission intensities using COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 electron density profiles. Next, electron density maximum (Nm) and its height (hmF2) of the F layer are derived from the information of two calibrated intensities. Sample Nm and hmF2 maps are also generated to show the usefulness of this technique in studying ionospheric processes.
Cited articles
Baumann, C. and Myrvang, M.: Lower ionospheric electron densities based on a
simple ionospheric model that uses MSP as charge carrier, Zenodo [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5668082, 2021. a
Baumann, C., Rapp, M., Anttila, M., Kero, A., and Verronen, P.: Effects of
meteoric smoke particles on the D-region ion chemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 10823–10839, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021927, 2015. a
Belova, E. G., Pashin, A. B., and Lyatsky, W. B.: Passage of a powerful HF radio wave through the lower ionosphere as a function of initial electron
density profiles, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 265–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(93)E0012-X, 1995. a, b, c
Biebricher, A. and Havnes, O.: Non-equilibrium modelling of the PMSE overshoot effect revisited: A comprehensive study, J. Plasma Phys., 78, 303–319, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377812000141, 2012. a
Brekke, A.: Physics of the upper polar atmosphere, 2nd Edn., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013. a
Brent, R.: Algorithms for Minimization Without Derivatives, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1973. a
Chilson, P. B., Belova, E., Rietveld, M. T., Kirkwood, S., and Hoppe, U.-P.:
First artificially induced modulation of PMSE using the EISCAT heating facility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3801–3804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011897, 2000. a
Dalgarno, A., McElroy, M. B., and Walker, J. C. G.: The diurnal variation of ionospheric temperatures, Planet. Space Sci., 15, 331–345,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(67)90198-5, 1967. a
Forsythe, G. E., Malcolm, M. A., and Mole, C. B.: Computer Methods for
Mathematical Computations, 1st Edn., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1977. a
Friedrich, M., Rapp, M., Blix, T., Hoppe, U. P., Torkar, K., Robertsen, S.,
Dickson, S., and Lynch, K.: Electron loss and meteoric dust in the mesosphere, Ann. Geophys., 30, 1495–1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1495-2012,
2012. a, b
Gustavsson, B., Rietveld, M. T., Ivchenko, N. V., and Kosch, M. J.: Rise and
fall of electron temperature: Ohmic heating of ionospheric electrons from
underdense HF radio wave pumping, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A12332, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015873, 2010. a
Havnes, O., Hoz, C. L., , Biebricher, A., Kassa, M., Næsheim, L. I., and
Zivkovic, T.: Investigation of the mesospheric PMSE conditions by use of the
new overshoot effect, Phys. Scripta, T107, 70–78,
https://doi.org/10.1238/Physica.Topical.107a00070, 2004. a
Hedin, A. E.: Extension of the MSIS thermosphere model into the middle and
lower atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1159–1172, 1991. a
Hunten, D. M., Turco, R. P., and Toon, O. B.: Smoke and Dust Particles of
Meteoric Origin in the Mesosphere and Stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37,
1342–1357, 1980. a
Kassa, M., Havnes, O., and Belova, E.: The effect of electron bite-outs on
artificial electron heating and the PMSE overshoot, Ann. Geophys., 23,
3633–3643, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-3633-2005, 2005. a, b, c
Kero, A., Bösinger, T., Pollari, P., Turunen, E., and Rietveld, M.: First EISCAT measurement of electron-gas temperature in the artificially heated D-region ionosphere, Ann. Geophys., 18, 1210–1215, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-1210-8, 2000. a, b, c
Kero, A., Enell, C. F., Ulich, T., Turunen, E., Rietveld, M. T., and Honary,
F. H.: Statistical signature of active D-region HF heating in IRIS riometer
data from 1994–2004, Ann. Geophys., 25, 407–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-407-2007, 2007. a, b, c, d
Kero, A., Vierinen, J., Enell, C. F., Virtanen, I., and Turunen, E.: New
incoherent scatter diagnostic methods for the heated D-region ionosphere,
Ann. Geophys., 26, 2273–2279, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-2273-2008, 2008. a, b, c
Kosch, M., Bryers, J. C., Rietveld, M., Yeoman, T. K., and Ogawa, Y.: Aspect
angle sensitivity of pump-induced optical emission at EISCAT, Earth Planets
Space, 66, 159, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-014-0159-x, 2014. a
Kosch, M. J., Rietveld, M. T., Hagfors, T., and Leyser, T. B.: High-latitude
HF-induced airglow displaced equatorwards of the pump beam, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 27, 2817–2820, 2000. a
Kosch, M. J., Ogawa, Y., Rietveld, M. T., Nozawa, S., and Fujii, R.: An
analysis of pump-induced artificihttps://doi.org/al ionospheric ion upwelling at EISCAT, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A12317, 623–637, 10.1029/2010JA015854, 2010. a
Megner, L. and Gumbel, J.: Charged meteoric particles as ice nuclei in the
mesosphere: Part 2 A feasibility study, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 71,
1236–1244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2009.05.002, 2009. a, b, c, d
Megner, L., Rapp, M., and Gumbel, J.: Distribution of meteoric smoke-sensitivity to microphysical properties and atmospheric conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4415–4426, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4415-2006, 2006. a, b, c, d
Megner, L., Siskind, D. E., Rapp, M., and Gumbel, J.: Global and temporal
distribution of meteoric smoke: A two-dimensional simulation study, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, D03202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009054, 2008. a, b, c, d
Myrvang, M.: Modelling the influence of meteoric smoke particles on artificial heating in the D-region, DataverseNO [code], https://doi.org/10.18710/D4REDW, 2021. a
Picone, J., Hedin, A., Drob, D., and Aikin, A.: NRLMSISE-00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues, J. Geophys.
Res., 107, 1468, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009430, 2002. a
Plane, J. M. C.: A time-resolved model of the mesospheric Na layer: constraints on the meteor input function, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 627–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-627-2004, 2004. a
Plane, J. M. C.: Cosmic dust in the Earth's atmosphere, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41,
6507–6518, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35132c, 2012. a
Rietveld, M. T., Kopka, H., and Stubbe, P.: D-region characteristics deduced
from pulsed ionsospheric heating during auroral electrojet conditions, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 48, 311–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(86)90001-2, 1986. a, b, c, d
Rietveld, M. T., Kohl, H., Kopka, H., and Stubbe, P.: Introduction to ionospheric heating at Tromsø. Experimental overview, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.,
55, 577–599, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(93)90007-L, 1993. a
Rietveld, M. T., Senior, A., Markkanen, J., and Westman, A.: New capabilities
of the upgraded EISCAT high-power HF facility, Radio Sci., 51, 1533–1546,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RS006093, 2016.
a
Robinson, T.: The heating of the high latitude ionossphere by high power radio waves, Phys. Rep., 179, 79–209, 1989. a
Senior, A., Rietveld, M. T., Kosch, M. J., and Singer, W.: Diagnosing radio
plasma heating in the polar summer mesosphere using cross modulation: Theory
and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09318, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015379, 2010. a, b, c, d
Senior, A., Rietveld, M. T., Honary, F., Singer, W., and Kosch, M. J.:
Measurements and modeling of cosmic noise absorption changes due to radio heating of the D region ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A04310,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016189, 2011. a, b
Turunen, E., Matveinen, H., Tolvanen, J., and Ranta, H.: STEP Handbook of Ionospheric Models, chap. D-region ion chemistry model, SCOSTEP Secretariat, Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, Sodankylä, Finland, 1–25, 1996. a
Verronen, P. T., Andersson, M. E., Marsh, D. R., Kovacs, T., and Plane, J.
M. C.: WACCM-D – Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with D-region ion
chemistry, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 8, 954–975, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000592, 2016. a
Short summary
Our model calculations indicate that meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) influence both the magnitude and shape of the electron temperature during artificial heating. Others have found that current theoretical models most likely overestimate heating in the D-region compared to observations. In a future study, we will compare our results to observations of the electron temperature during heating to investigate if the presence of MSPs can explain the discrepancy between model and observations.
Our model calculations indicate that meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) influence both the...
