Articles | Volume 38, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1191-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1191-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
13 Nov 2020
Regular paper |
| 13 Nov 2020
| 13 Nov 2020
Observations of precipitation energies during different types of pulsating aurora
The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Norway
Birkeland Centre for Space Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Noora Partamies
The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Norway
Birkeland Centre for Space Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Hilde Nesse Tyssøy
Birkeland Centre for Space Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Derek McKay
Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FINCA, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Related authors
Jonas Suni, Minna Palmroth, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Giulia Cozzani, Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Harriet George, Evgeny Gordeev, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Vertti Tarvus, Fasil Tesema, and Hongyang Zhou
Ann. Geophys., 41, 551–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are structures of enhanced plasma density and/or velocity in a region of near-Earth space known as the magnetosheath. When they propagate towards the Earth, these jets can disturb the Earth's magnetic field and cause hazards for satellites. In this study, we use a simulation called Vlasiator to model near-Earth space and investigate jets using case studies and statistical analysis. We find that jets that propagate towards the Earth are different from jets that do not.
Markku Alho, Giulia Cozzani, Ivan Zaitsev, Fasil Tesema Kebede, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Maarja Bussov, Maxime Dubart, Sanni Hoilijoki, Leo Kotipalo, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, Abiyot Workayehu, Hongyang Zhou, and Minna Palmroth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2300, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In detailed space plasma simulations, finding and characterizing magnetic reconnection sites and related geometries requires new tools to describe complex and dynamic geometries. This paper addresses the problem by determining suitable local coordinate systems and finding the geometrical signatures of relevant magnetic field features in these coordinates. We demonstrate the utility of the method on a state-of-the-art 3D simulation of Earth's magnetosphere, performed with the Vlasiator code.
Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Markku Alho, Maxime Grandin, Maxime Dubart, Lucile Turc, Hongyang Zhou, Konstantinos Horaites, Ivan Zaitsev, Giulia Cozzani, Maarja Bussov, Evgeny Gordeev, Fasil Tesema, Harriet George, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7903–7912, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a plasma simulation code that simulates the entire near-Earth space at a global scale. As 6D simulations require enormous amounts of computational resources, Vlasiator uses adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to lighten the computational burden. However, due to Vlasiator’s grid topology, AMR simulations suffer from grid aliasing artifacts that affect the global results. In this work, we present and evaluate the performance of a mechanism for alleviating those artifacts.
Fasil Tesema, Noora Partamies, Daniel K. Whiter, and Yasunobu Ogawa
Ann. Geophys., 40, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present the comparison between an auroral model and EISCAT radar electron densities during pulsating aurorae. We test whether an overpassing satellite measurement of the average energy spectrum is a reasonable estimate for pulsating aurora electron precipitation. When patchy pulsating aurora is dominant in the morning sector, the overpass-averaged spectrum is found to be a reasonable estimate – but not when there is a mix of pulsating aurora types in the post-midnight sector.
Noora Partamies, Fasil Tesema, Emma Bland, Erkka Heino, Hilde Nesse Tyssøy, and Erlend Kallelid
Ann. Geophys., 39, 69–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-69-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-69-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
About 200 nights of substorm activity have been analysed for their magnetic disturbance magnitude and the level of cosmic radio noise absorption. We show that substorms with a single expansion phase have limited lifetimes and spatial extents. Starting from magnetically quiet conditions, the strongest absorption occurs after 1 to 2 nights of substorm activity. This prolonged activity is thus required to accelerate particles to energies, which may affect the atmospheric chemistry.
Rafael L. A. Mesquita, John W. Meriwether, Jonathan J. Makela, Daniel J. Fisher, Brian J. Harding, Samuel C. Sanders, Fasil Tesema, and Aaron J. Ridley
Ann. Geophys., 36, 541–553, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-541-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-541-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The midnight temperature maximum (MTM) is a phenomenon resulting from the constructive interference of the atmospheric tides. This paper brings the analysis of a long data set (846 nights) from the NATION network along with new analysis techniques (harmonic background removal and 2-D temperature interpolation) to detect the MTM in the mid-latitude range.
Fasil Tesema, Rafael Mesquita, John Meriwether, Baylie Damtie, Melessew Nigussie, Jonathan Makela, Daniel Fisher, Brian Harding, Endawoke Yizengaw, and Samuel Sanders
Ann. Geophys., 35, 333–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-333-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-333-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of equatorial thermospheric winds obtained from an optical instrument called a Fabry–Perot interferometer in Ethiopia show a significance difference as compared with other longitudinal sectors. The zonal wind in this sector is small and shows a gradual decrease through out the night. Application of climatological wind and temperature models shows good agreement with the observations over Ethiopia.
Maxime Grandin, Noora Partamies, and Ilkka I. Virtanen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-483, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-483, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Auroral displays typically take place at high latitudes, but the exact latitude where the auroral breakup occurs can vary. In this study, we compare the characteristics of the fluxes of precipitating electrons from space during auroral breakups occurring above Tromsø (central part of the auroral zone) and above Svalbard (poleward boundary of the auroral zone). We find that electrons responsible for the aurora above Tromsø carry more energy than those precipitating above Svalbard.
Bernd Funke, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Ilaria Ermolli, Margit Haberreiter, Doug Kinnison, Daniel Marsh, Hilde Nesse, Annika Seppälä, Miriam Sinnhuber, and Ilya Usoskin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1217–1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We outline a road map for the preparation of a solar forcing dataset for the upcoming Phase 7 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7), considering the latest scientific advances made in the reconstruction of solar forcing and in the understanding of climate response while also addressing the issues that were raised during CMIP6.
Jonas Suni, Minna Palmroth, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Giulia Cozzani, Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Harriet George, Evgeny Gordeev, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Vertti Tarvus, Fasil Tesema, and Hongyang Zhou
Ann. Geophys., 41, 551–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are structures of enhanced plasma density and/or velocity in a region of near-Earth space known as the magnetosheath. When they propagate towards the Earth, these jets can disturb the Earth's magnetic field and cause hazards for satellites. In this study, we use a simulation called Vlasiator to model near-Earth space and investigate jets using case studies and statistical analysis. We find that jets that propagate towards the Earth are different from jets that do not.
Noora Partamies, Bas Dol, Vincent Teissier, Liisa Juusola, Mikko Syrjäsuo, and Hjalmar Mulders
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2857, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Auroral imaging produces large amounts of image data that can no longer be analysed by visual inspection. Thus, every step towards automatic analysis tools is crucial. Previously supervised learning methods have been used in auroral physics, with a human expert provided ground truth. However, this ground truth is debatable. We present an unsupervised learning method, which shows promising results in detecting auroral breakups in the all-sky image data.
Markku Alho, Giulia Cozzani, Ivan Zaitsev, Fasil Tesema Kebede, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Maarja Bussov, Maxime Dubart, Sanni Hoilijoki, Leo Kotipalo, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, Abiyot Workayehu, Hongyang Zhou, and Minna Palmroth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2300, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In detailed space plasma simulations, finding and characterizing magnetic reconnection sites and related geometries requires new tools to describe complex and dynamic geometries. This paper addresses the problem by determining suitable local coordinate systems and finding the geometrical signatures of relevant magnetic field features in these coordinates. We demonstrate the utility of the method on a state-of-the-art 3D simulation of Earth's magnetosphere, performed with the Vlasiator code.
Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Markku Alho, Maxime Grandin, Maxime Dubart, Lucile Turc, Hongyang Zhou, Konstantinos Horaites, Ivan Zaitsev, Giulia Cozzani, Maarja Bussov, Evgeny Gordeev, Fasil Tesema, Harriet George, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7903–7912, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a plasma simulation code that simulates the entire near-Earth space at a global scale. As 6D simulations require enormous amounts of computational resources, Vlasiator uses adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to lighten the computational burden. However, due to Vlasiator’s grid topology, AMR simulations suffer from grid aliasing artifacts that affect the global results. In this work, we present and evaluate the performance of a mechanism for alleviating those artifacts.
Noora Partamies, Daniel Whiter, Kirsti Kauristie, and Stefano Massetti
Ann. Geophys., 40, 605–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-605-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the local time behaviour of auroral structures and emission height. Data are collected from the Fennoscandian Lapland and Svalbard latitutes from 7 identical auroral all-sky cameras over about 1 solar cycle. The typical peak emission height of the green aurora varies from 110 km on the nightside to about 118 km in the morning over Lapland but stays systematically higher over Svalbard. During fast solar wind, nightside emission heights are 5 km lower than during slow solar wind.
Ville Maliniemi, Pavle Arsenovic, Annika Seppälä, and Hilde Nesse Tyssøy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8137–8149, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the effect of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) on Antarctic stratospheric ozone chemistry over the whole 20th century. We find a significant increase of reactive nitrogen due to EP, which can deplete ozone via a catalytic reaction. Furthermore, significant modulation of active chlorine is obtained related to EPP, which impacts ozone depletion by both active chlorine and EPP. Our results show that EPP has been a significant modulator of ozone chemistry during the CFC era.
Fasil Tesema, Noora Partamies, Daniel K. Whiter, and Yasunobu Ogawa
Ann. Geophys., 40, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present the comparison between an auroral model and EISCAT radar electron densities during pulsating aurorae. We test whether an overpassing satellite measurement of the average energy spectrum is a reasonable estimate for pulsating aurora electron precipitation. When patchy pulsating aurora is dominant in the morning sector, the overpass-averaged spectrum is found to be a reasonable estimate – but not when there is a mix of pulsating aurora types in the post-midnight sector.
Pekka T. Verronen, Antti Kero, Noora Partamies, Monika E. Szeląg, Shin-Ichiro Oyama, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, and Esa Turunen
Ann. Geophys., 39, 883–897, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-883-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-883-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is the first to simulate and analyse the pulsating aurorae impact on middle atmosphere on monthly/seasonal timescales. We find that pulsating aurorae have the potential to make a considerable contribution to the total energetic particle forcing and increase the impact on upper stratospheric odd nitrogen and ozone in the polar regions. Thus, it should be considered in atmospheric and climate simulations.
Ville Maliniemi, Hilde Nesse Tyssøy, Christine Smith-Johnsen, Pavle Arsenovic, and Daniel R. Marsh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11041–11052, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate ozone variability over the 21st century with different greenhouse gas scenarios. Our results highlight a novel mechanism of additional reactive nitrogen species descending to the Antarctic stratosphere from the thermosphere/upper mesosphere due to the accelerated residual circulation under climate change. This excess descending NOx can potentially prevent a super recovery of ozone in the Antarctic upper stratosphere.
Joshua Dreyer, Noora Partamies, Daniel Whiter, Pål G. Ellingsen, Lisa Baddeley, and Stephan C. Buchert
Ann. Geophys., 39, 277–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Small-scale auroral features are still being discovered and are not well understood. Where aurorae are caused by particle precipitation, the newly reported fragmented aurora-like emissions (FAEs) seem to be locally generated in the ionosphere (hence,
aurora-like). We analyse data from multiple instruments located near Longyearbyen to derive their main characteristics. They seem to occur as two types in a narrow altitude region (individually or in regularly spaced groups).
Emma Bland, Fasil Tesema, and Noora Partamies
Ann. Geophys., 39, 135–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A total of 10 Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars were used to estimate the horizontal area over which energetic electrons impact the atmosphere at 70–100 km altitude during pulsating aurorae (PsAs). The impact area varies significantly from event to event. Approximately one-third extend over 12° of magnetic latitude, while others are highly localised. Our results could be used to improve the forcing used in atmospheric/climate models to properly capture the energy contribution from PsAs.
Noora Partamies, Fasil Tesema, Emma Bland, Erkka Heino, Hilde Nesse Tyssøy, and Erlend Kallelid
Ann. Geophys., 39, 69–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-69-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-69-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
About 200 nights of substorm activity have been analysed for their magnetic disturbance magnitude and the level of cosmic radio noise absorption. We show that substorms with a single expansion phase have limited lifetimes and spatial extents. Starting from magnetically quiet conditions, the strongest absorption occurs after 1 to 2 nights of substorm activity. This prolonged activity is thus required to accelerate particles to energies, which may affect the atmospheric chemistry.
Derek McKay and Andreas Kvammen
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 267–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-267-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-267-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Researchers are making increasing use of machine learning to improve accuracy, efficiency and consistency. During such a study of the aurora, it was noted that biases or distortions had crept into the data because of the conditions (or ergonomics) of the human trainers. As using machine-learning techniques in auroral research is relatively new, it is critical that such biases are brought to the attention of the academic and citizen science communities.
Rafael L. A. Mesquita, John W. Meriwether, Jonathan J. Makela, Daniel J. Fisher, Brian J. Harding, Samuel C. Sanders, Fasil Tesema, and Aaron J. Ridley
Ann. Geophys., 36, 541–553, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-541-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-541-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The midnight temperature maximum (MTM) is a phenomenon resulting from the constructive interference of the atmospheric tides. This paper brings the analysis of a long data set (846 nights) from the NATION network along with new analysis techniques (harmonic background removal and 2-D temperature interpolation) to detect the MTM in the mid-latitude range.
Noora Partamies, James M. Weygand, and Liisa Juusola
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1069–1083, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1069-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1069-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Large-scale undulations of the diffuse aurora boundary, auroral omega bands, have been studied based on 438 omega-like structures identified over Fennoscandian Lapland from 1996 to 2007. The omegas mainly occurred in the post-magnetic midnight sector, in the region between oppositely directed ionospheric field-aligned currents, and during substorm recovery phases. The omega bands were observed during substorms, which were more intense than the average substorm in the same region.
Fasil Tesema, Rafael Mesquita, John Meriwether, Baylie Damtie, Melessew Nigussie, Jonathan Makela, Daniel Fisher, Brian Harding, Endawoke Yizengaw, and Samuel Sanders
Ann. Geophys., 35, 333–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-333-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-333-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of equatorial thermospheric winds obtained from an optical instrument called a Fabry–Perot interferometer in Ethiopia show a significance difference as compared with other longitudinal sectors. The zonal wind in this sector is small and shows a gradual decrease through out the night. Application of climatological wind and temperature models shows good agreement with the observations over Ethiopia.
Fred Sigernes, Pål Gunnar Ellingsen, Noora Partamies, Mikko Syrjäsuo, Pål Brekke, Silje Eriksen Holmen, Arne Danielsen, Bernt Olsen, Xiangcai Chen, Margit Dyrland, Lisa Baddeley, Dag Arne Lorentzen, Marcus Aleksander Krogtoft, Torstein Dragland, Hans Mortensson, Lisbeth Smistad, Craig J. Heinselman, and Shadia Habbal
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 9–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-9-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-9-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The total solar eclipse event on Svalbard on 20 March 2015 gave us a unique opportunity to image the upper parts of the Sun's atmosphere. A novel image accumulation filter technique is presented that is capable of distinguishing features such as loops, spicules, plumes, and prominences from intense and blurry video recordings of the chromosphere.
Tuomas Savolainen, Daniel Keith Whiter, and Noora Partamies
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 305–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-305-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-305-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe a new method for recognition of digits in seven-segment displays. The method is used for adding date and time information to a dataset consisting of about 7 million auroral all-sky images taken during the time period of 1973–1997 at camera stations centred around Sodankylä observatory in Northern Finland. In each image there is a clock display for the date and time together with the reflection of the whole night sky through a spherical mirror.
Kirsti Kauristie, Minna Myllys, Noora Partamies, Ari Viljanen, Pyry Peitso, Liisa Juusola, Shabana Ahmadzai, Vikramjit Singh, Ralf Keil, Unai Martinez, Alexej Luginin, Alexi Glover, Vicente Navarro, and Tero Raita
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 253–262, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-253-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-253-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We use the connection between auroras and geomagnetic field variations in a concept for a Regional Auroral Forecast (RAF) service. RAF is based on statistical relationships between alerts by the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center and magnetic time derivatives measured by five MIRACLE magnetometer stations located in the surroundings of the Sodankylä research station. As an improvement to previous similar services RAF yields knowledge on typical auroral storm durations at different latitudes.
M. Myllys, N. Partamies, and L. Juusola
Ann. Geophys., 33, 573–581, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-573-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-573-2015, 2015
B. J. Jackel, C. Unick, M. T. Syrjäsuo, N. Partamies, J. A. Wild, E. E. Woodfield, I. McWhirter, E. Kendall, and E. Spanswick
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 71–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-71-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-71-2014, 2014
D. K. Whiter, B. Gustavsson, N. Partamies, and L. Sangalli
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 2, 131–144, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-131-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-131-2013, 2013
N. Partamies, L. Juusola, E. Tanskanen, and K. Kauristie
Ann. Geophys., 31, 349–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-349-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-349-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Magnetosphere & space plasma physics | Keywords: Energetic particles, precipitating
Magnetic local time asymmetries in precipitating electron and proton populations with and without substorm activity
Olesya Yakovchuk and Jan Maik Wissing
Ann. Geophys., 37, 1063–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1063-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1063-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present the magnetic local time (MLT) distribution of energetic particle precipitation into the ionosphere in combination with different substorm activities. In the long term average substorms may increase the night-sector flux by factor 2–4 and eventually reduce the day-time flux. The MLT flux differences themselves may even reach 2 orders of magnitude independently of substorm activity level. Since precipitating particles impact the ozone chemistry, this may have atmospheric implications.
Cited articles
Allison, H. J., Horne, R. B., Glauert, S. A., and Del Zanna, G.: The magnetic local time distribution of energetic electrons in the radiation belt region, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 8108–8123, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024084, 2017. a, b
Aryan, H., Yearby, K., Balikhin, M., Agapitov, O., Krasnoselskikh, V., and Boynton, R.: Statistical study of chorus wave distributions in the inner magnetosphere using Ae and solar wind parameters, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 6131–6144, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019939, 2014. a, b
Bland, E. C., Partamies, N., Heino, E., Yukimatu, A. S., and Miyaoka, H.: Energetic Electron Precipitation Occurrence Rates Determined Using the Syowa East SuperDARN Radar, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 6253–6265, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026437, 2019. a, b, c, d
Böinger, T., Kaila, K., Rasinkangas, R., Pollari, P., Kangas, J., Trakhtengerts, V., Demekhov, A., and Turunen, T.: An EISCAT study of a pulsating auroral arc: simultaneous ionospheric electron density, auroral luminosity and magnetic field pulsations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 23–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00017-8, 1996. a, b
EISCAT Scientific Association: VHF and UHF radar analysed data, available at: http://portal.eiscat.se/schedule/schedule.cgi, last access: 4 November 2020.
Finnish Metrological Institute (FMI): Magnetometers-Ionospheric Radars-All-Sky Cameras Large Experiment (MIRACLE) project, FMI All-sky camera quicklook data, available at: https://space.fmi.fi/MIRACLE/ASC/?page=keograms,
last access: 4 Novemeber 2020.
last access: 4 Novemeber 2020.
Grandin, M., Kero, A., Partamies, N., McKay, D., Whiter, D., Kozlovsky, A., and Miyoshi, Y.: Observation of pulsating aurora signatures in cosmic noise absorption data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5292–5300, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073901, 2017. a, b, c
Grono, E. and Donovan, E.: Differentiating diffuse auroras based on phenomenology, Ann. Geophys., 36, 891–898, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-891-2018, 2018. a, b, c, d
Hosokawa, K. and Ogawa, Y.: Pedersen current carried by electrons in auroral D-region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044746, 2010. a
Hosokawa, K., Ogawa, Y., Kadokura, A., Miyaoka, H., and Sato, N.: Modulation of ionospheric conductance and electric field associated with pulsating aurora, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A03201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014683, 2010. a
Jones, S. L., Lessard, M. R., Fernandes, P. A., Lummerzheim, D., Semeter, J. L., Heinselman, C. J., Lynch, K. A., Michell, R. G., Kintner, P. M., Stenbaek-Nielsen, H. C., and Asamura, K.: PFISR and ROPA observations of pulsating aurora, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 71, 708–716, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2008.10.004, 2009. a, b, c, d
Jones, S. L., Lessard, M. R., Rychert, K., Spanswick, E., and Donovan, E.: Large-scale aspects and temporal evolution of pulsating aurora, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 116, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015840, 2011. a, b
Jones, S. L., Lessard, M. R., Rychert, K., Spanswick, E., Donovan, E., and Jaynes, A. N.: Persistent, widespread pulsating aurora: A case study, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 2998–3006, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50301, 2013. a
Lam, M. M., Horne, R. B., Meredith, N. P., Glauert, S. A., Moffat‐Griffin, T., and Green, J. C.: Origin of energetic electron precipitation >30 keV into the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A00F08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014619, 2010. a
Lessard, M. R.: A Review of Pulsating Aurora, Auror. Phenomenol. Magnetos. Process. Earth Other Planets, 55–68, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM197, 2012. a
McEwen, D. J., Yee, E., Whalen, B. A., and Yau, A. W.: Electron energy measurements in pulsating auroras, Can. J. Phys., 59, 1106–1115, https://doi.org/10.1139/p81-146, 1981. a
McKay-Bukowski, D., Vierinen, J., Virtanen, I. I., Fallows, R., Postila, M., Ulich, T., Wucknitz, O., Brentjens, M., Ebbendorf, N., Enell, C., Gerbers, M., Grit, T., Gruppen, P., Kero, A., Iinatti, T., Lehtinen, M., Meulman, H., Norden, M., Orispää, M., Raita, T., de Reijer, J. P., Roininen, L., Schoenmakers, A., Stuurwold, K., and Turunen, E.: KAIRA: The Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array – System Overview and First Results, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 53, 1440–1451, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2014.2342252, 2015. a
McKay, D., Partamies, N., and Vierinen, J.: Pulsating aurora and cosmic noise absorption associated with growth-phase arcs, Ann. Geophys., 36, 59–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-59-2018, 2018. a, b, c, d
Milan, S. E., Hosokawa, K., Lester, M., Sato, N., Yamagishi, H., and Honary, F.: D region HF radar echoes associated with energetic particle precipitation and pulsating aurora, Ann. Geophys., 26, 1897–1904, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-1897-2008, 2008. a
Miyoshi, Y., Katoh, Y., Nishiyama, T., Sakanoi, T., Asamura, K., and Hirahara, M.: Time of flight analysis of pulsating aurora electrons, considering wave-particle interactions with propagating whistler mode waves, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015127, 2010. a
Miyoshi, Y., Oyama, S., Saito, S., Kurita, S., Fujiwara, H., Kataoka, R., Ebihara, Y., Kletzing, C., Reeves, G., Santolik, O., Clilverd, M., Rodger, C. J., Turunen, E., and Tsuchiya, F.: Energetic electron precipitation associated with pulsating aurora: EISCAT and Van Allen Probe observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 2754–2766, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020690, 2015. a, b, c
Nishimura, Y., Bortnik, J., Li, W., Thorne, R. M., Lyons, L. R., Angelopoulos, V., Mende, S. B., Bonnell, J. W., Le Contel, O., Cully, C., Ergun, R., and Auster, U.: Identifying the driver of pulsating aurora, Science, 330, 81–84, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193186, 2010. a
Nishimura, Y., Bortnik, J., Li, W., Thorne, R. M., Chen, L., Lyons, L. R., Angelopoulos, V., Mende, S. B., Bonnell, J., Le Contel, O., Cully, C., Ergun, R., and Auster, U.: Multievent study of the correlation between pulsating aurora and whistler mode chorus emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 116, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016876, 2011. a
Nishimura, Y., Lessard, M. R., Katoh, Y., Miyoshi, Y., Grono, E., Partamies, N., Sivadas, N., Hosokawa, K., Fukizawa, M., Samara, M., Michell, R. G., Kataoka, R., Sakanoi, T., Whiter, D. K., Oyama, S. ichiro, Ogawa, Y., and Kurita, S.: Diffuse and Pulsating Aurora, Space Sci. Rev., 216, 4, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0629-3, 2020. a, b
Oyama, S.-I., Shiokawa, K., Miyoshi, Y., Hosokawa, K., Watkins, B. J., Kurihara, J., Tsuda, T. T., and Fallen, C. T.: Lower thermospheric wind variations in auroral patches during the substorm recovery phase, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 3564–3577, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022129, 2016. a
Oyama, S., Kero, A., Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., Miyoshi, Y., Partamies, N., Turunen, E., Raita, T., Verronen, P. T., and Saito, S.: Energetic electron precipitation and auroral morphology at the substorm recovery phase, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 6508–6527, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023484, 2017. a
Partamies, N., Bolmgren, K., Heino, E., Ivchenko, N., Borovsky, J. E., and Sundberg, H.: Patch size evolution during pulsating aurora, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 4725–4738, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026423, 2019. a, b, c
Rees, M. H.: Auroral electrons, Space Sci. Rev., 10, 413–441, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203621, 1969. a
Rishbeth, H. and Williams, P. J. S.: The EISCAT ionospheric radar: The system and its early results, Q. J. Roy. Astron. Soc., 26, 478–512, 1985. a
Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., Kavanagh, A. J., Watt, C. E. J., Verronen, P. T., and Raita, T.: Contrasting the responses of three different ground‐based instruments to energetic electron precipitation, Radio Sci., 47, RS2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RS004971, 2012. a, b
Royrvik, O. and Davis, T. N.: Pulsating aurora local and global morphology, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4720–4740, 1977. a
Sangalli, L., Partamies, N., Syrjäsuo, M., Enell, C. F., Kauristie, K., and Mäkinen, S.: Performance study of the new EMCCD-based all-sky cameras for auroral imaging, Int. J. Remote Sens., 32, 2987–3003, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.541505, 2011. a
Sato, N., Wright, D. M., Carlson, C. W., Ebihara, Y., Sato, M., Saemundsson, T., Milan, S. E., and Lester, M.: Generation region of pulsating aurora obtained simultaneously by the FAST satellite and a Syowa-Iceland conjugate pair of observatories, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 109, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010419, 2004. a
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory: Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (KAIRA) project, available at: https://www.sgo.fi/KAIRA/, last access: 4 Novemeber 2020.
Tesema, F.: Replication data for: Observations of precipitation energies during different types of pulsating aurora, Dataset, figshare, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12559127, 2020.
a
Turunen, E., Verronen, P. T., Seppälä, A., Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., Tamminen, J., Enell, C. F., and Ulich, T.: Impact of different energies of precipitating particles on NOx generation in the middle and upper atmosphere during geomagnetic storms, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 71, 1176–1189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2008.07.005, 2009. a, b
Turunen, E., Kero, A., Verronen, P. T., Miyoshi, Y., Oyama, S. I., and Saito, S.: Mesospheric ozone destruction by high-energy electron precipitation associated with pulsating aurora, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 11852–11861, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025015, 2016. a, b
Wahlund, J. E., Opgenoorth, H. J., and Rothwell, P.: Observations of thin auroral ionization layers by EISCAT in connection with pulsating aurora, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 94, 17223–17233, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA094iA12p17223, 1989. a, b
Watanabe, M., Kadokura, A., Sato, N., and Saemundsson, T.: Absence of geomagnetic conjugacy in pulsating auroras, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030469, 2007. a
Wild, P., Honary, F., Kavanagh, A. J., and Senior, A.: Triangulating the height of cosmic noise absorption: A method for estimating the characteristic energy of precipitating electrons, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A12326, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015766, 2010. a, b
Yamamoto, T.: On the temporal fluctuations of pulsating auroral luminosity, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 897, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA02p00897, 1988. a
Short summary
In this study, we present the ionization level from EISCAT radar experiments and cosmic noise absorption level
from KAIRA riometer observations during pulsating auroras. We found thick layers of ionization that reach down
to 70 km (harder precipitation) and higher cosmic noise absorption during patchy pulsating aurora than
during amorphous pulsating and patchy auroras.
In this study, we present the ionization level from EISCAT radar experiments and cosmic noise...
