Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-35-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-35-2026
Regular paper
 | 
14 Jan 2026
Regular paper |  | 14 Jan 2026

Statistical and temporal characteristics of sawtooth events

Connor C. DiMarco, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, and Michael G. Henderson

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Short summary

Cited articles

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Short summary
Sawtooth events are storm‑time surges of energetic particles with sharp rises and slow decays repeating every 2–4 h. From 2008–2016 they occur mostly in the solar cycle’s rising and declining phases and nearly always during geomagnetic storms. Geostationary data show near‑global, near‑simultaneous injections but strong magnetic changes only at midnight. This favors magnetotail reconnection and fast convection; sawteeth resemble a storm‑time substorm mode.
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