Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-35-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-35-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
Regular paper
 | 
14 Jan 2026
Regular paper |  | 14 Jan 2026

Statistical and temporal characteristics of sawtooth events

Connor C. DiMarco, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, and Michael G. Henderson

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Short summary
Sawtooth events are storm‑time surges of energetic particles with sharp rises and slow decays repeating every 2–4 h. From 2008–2016 they occur mostly in the solar cycle’s rising and declining phases and nearly always during geomagnetic storms. Geostationary data show near‑global, near‑simultaneous injections but strong magnetic changes only at midnight. This favors magnetotail reconnection and fast convection; sawteeth resemble a storm‑time substorm mode.
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