Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 44, issue 2
Articles | Volume 44, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-1201-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-1201-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 44, issue 2
Regular paper
 | 
03 Nov 2026
Regular paper |  | 03 Nov 2026

High temporal- and spatial-resolution photographs of the “Christmas” red-green auroras taken over Germany during a main phase of the 10–11 May 2024 superstorm

Bruce T. Tsurutani, Gurbax S. Lakhina, Rajkumar Hajra, Masatomi Iizawa, Yasuhito Narita, Richard B. Horne, Ingo von Borstel, Volker Bothmer, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Klaus Reinsch, Philipp Schulz, and Sami K. Solanki

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Short summary
During the massive geomagnetic storm on 10–11 May 2024, sky-watchers in Braunschweig and Göttingen, Germany, captured rare red and green auroras. Photographs revealed vertical streaks connecting high-altitude red auroras to lower green ones. This study concludes both colors were caused by high-energy electrons raining down along Earth's magnetic field lines, pushing the space environment far enough south to align with northern Germany.
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