Articles | Volume 43, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-593-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-593-2025
Regular paper
 | 
09 Oct 2025
Regular paper |  | 09 Oct 2025

Comparing Monte Carlo simulations, mean particle theory estimates, and observations of H+ and O+ outflows at high altitudes and latitudes

Imad A. Barghouthi and May R. Halaika

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Cited articles

Barakat, A. R. and Barghouthi, I. A.: The effects of wave-particle interactions on the polar wind O+, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2279–2282, 1994a. 
Barakat, A. R. and Barghouthi, I. A.: The effect of wave–particle interactions on the polar wind: Preliminary results, Planet. Space Sci., 42, 987–992, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(94)90058-2, 1994b. 
Barghouthi, I. A.: Effects of wave particle interactions on H+ and O+ outflow at high latitude; A comparative study, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22062–22075, 1997. 
Barghouthi, I. A.: A Monte Carlo study for ion outflows at high altitude and high latitude: Barghouthi model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A08209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013274, 2008. 
Barghouthi, I. A. and Atout, M. A.: Monte Carlo modelling of toroidal ion distributions and ion temperatures at high altitudes equatorward of the cusp: The effect of finite gyroradius, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A03202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011437, 2006. 
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Short summary
This research explores how hydrogen ions and oxygen ions move and gain energy in Earth’s magnetosphere at high altitudes and latitudes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, predictions of mean particle theory, and corresponding observations, we compared different energy profiles of hydrogen and oxygen ions across polar-wind, aurora, cusp, and central-polar-cap regions. Our findings reveal that unique interactions in each area affect energy gain differently, with implications for future space weather models.
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