Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 43, issue 2
Articles | Volume 43, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-593-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-593-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 43, issue 2
Regular paper
 | 
09 Oct 2025
Regular paper |  | 09 Oct 2025

Comparing Monte Carlo simulations, mean particle theory estimates, and observations of H+ and O+ outflows at high altitudes and latitudes

Imad A. Barghouthi and May R. Halaika

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Short summary
This research explores how hydrogen ions and oxygen ions move and gain energy in Earth’s magnetosphere at high altitudes and latitudes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, predictions of mean particle theory, and corresponding observations, we compared different energy profiles of hydrogen and oxygen ions across polar-wind, aurora, cusp, and central-polar-cap regions. Our findings reveal that unique interactions in each area affect energy gain differently, with implications for future space weather models.
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