Articles | Volume 43, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-561-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-561-2025
Regular paper
 | 
01 Oct 2025
Regular paper |  | 01 Oct 2025

Electron-driven variability of the upper-atmospheric nitric oxide column density over the Syowa station in Antarctica

Pekka T. Verronen, Akira Mizuno, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Sandeep Kumar, Taku Nakajima, Shin-Ichiro Oyama, Tomoo Nagahama, Satonori Nozawa, Monika E. Szeląg, Tuomas Häkkilä, Niilo Kalakoski, Antti Kero, Esa Turunen, Satoshi Kasahara, Shoichiro Yokota, Kunihiro Keika, Tomoaki Hori, Takefumi Mitani, Takeshi Takashima, and Iku Shinohara

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Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-1691', Anonymous Referee #1, 16 May 2025
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Pekka Verronen, 27 Jun 2025
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-1691', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 May 2025
    • AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Pekka Verronen, 27 Jun 2025
  • RC3: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-1691', Allison Jaynes, 27 Jun 2025
    • AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Pekka Verronen, 03 Jul 2025

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (10 Jul 2025) by Vivien Wendt
AR by Pekka Verronen on behalf of the Authors (11 Jul 2025)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Publish as is (17 Jul 2025) by Vivien Wendt
AR by Pekka Verronen on behalf of the Authors (23 Jul 2025)
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Short summary
We use NO column density data from the Syowa station in Antarctica from 2012–2017. We compare these ground-based radiometer observations with results from a global atmosphere model to understand the year-to-year and day-to-day variability, shortcomings of current electron forcing, and how geomagnetic storms are driving the variability of NO. Our results demonstrate an underestimation in the magnitude of day-to-day variability in simulations, which calls for improved electron forcing in models.
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