Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 40, issue 4
Articles | Volume 40, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-463-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-463-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 40, issue 4
Regular paper
 | 
07 Jul 2022
Regular paper |  | 07 Jul 2022

Sounding of sporadic E layers from China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) radio occultation and comparing with ionosonde measurements

Chengkun Gan, Jiayu Hu, Xiaomin Luo, Chao Xiong, and Shengfeng Gu

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Latest update: 09 Jul 2025
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Short summary
We develop a new criterion to determine Es, i.e., when the mean value of the absolute value of the difference between the normalized SNR is greater than 3 times the standard deviation. We show that Es have strong seasonal variations, with the highest occurrence rates in the summer season at midlatitudes mainly located at 90–110 km at 14:00–20:00 LT. The comparison of Es altitudes from radio occultation profiles with ionosonde revealed a large correspondence between both measurement techniques.
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