Articles | Volume 39, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-929-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-929-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
18 Oct 2021
Regular paper |
| 18 Oct 2021
| 18 Oct 2021
Seasonal features of geomagnetic activity: a study on the solar activity dependence
Adriane Marques de Souza Franco
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
Ezequiel Echer
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
Mauricio José Alves Bolzan
Space Physics and Astronomy Laboratory, Federal University of Jatai, Jatai, Brazil
Related authors
Adriane Marques de Souza Franco, Rashmi Rawat, Mauricio José Alves Bolzan, and Ezequiel Echer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4911, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4911, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed 40 corotating interaction region driven geomagnetic storms to see how they affect Earth's magnetic tail. We found that short, rapid energy pulses (4 hours) dominated the magnetotail (cyclic substorm periods). Further, the HILDCAA events that occur during the recovery phase could cause a spread of energy to periodicities of 2 to 12 h in the auroral region. Spectral indices results suggest a strong turbulence in the magnetotail and auroral regions during recovery phases.
Adriane Marques de Souza Franco, Rashmi Rawat, Mauricio José Alves Bolzan, and Ezequiel Echer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4911, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4911, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed 40 corotating interaction region driven geomagnetic storms to see how they affect Earth's magnetic tail. We found that short, rapid energy pulses (4 hours) dominated the magnetotail (cyclic substorm periods). Further, the HILDCAA events that occur during the recovery phase could cause a spread of energy to periodicities of 2 to 12 h in the auroral region. Spectral indices results suggest a strong turbulence in the magnetotail and auroral regions during recovery phases.
Fernando L. Guarnieri, Bruce T. Tsurutani, Rajkumar Hajra, Ezequiel Echer, and Gurbax S. Lakhina
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 32, 75–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-32-75-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-32-75-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
On February 03 2022, SpaceX launched a new group of satellites for its Starlink constellation. This launch simultaneously released 49 satellites into orbits between 200 km and 250 km height. The launches occurred during a geomagnetic storm that was followed by a second storm. There was an immediate loss of 32 satellites. The satellite losses may have been caused by an unusually high level of atmospheric drag (unexplained by current theory or modeling) or a high level of satellite collisions.
Rajkumar Hajra
Ann. Geophys., 39, 181–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Geomagnetic activity is known to exhibit semi-annual variation with larger occurrences during equinoxes. A similar seasonal feature was reported for relativistic (∼ MeV) electrons throughout the entire outer zone radiation belt. Present work, for the first time reveals that electron fluxes increase with an ∼ 6-month periodicity in a limited L-shell only with large dependence in solar activity cycle. In addition, flux enhancements are not essentially equinoctial.
Cited articles
Akasofu, S.-I.: The development of the auroral substorm, Planet. Space Sci., 12, 273–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(64)90151-5, 1964. a, b
Akasofu, S.-I.: Auroral Substorms: Search for Processes Causing the Expansion Phase in Terms of the Electric Current Approach, Space Sci. Rev., 212, 341–381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0363-7, 2017. a
Axford, W. I. and Hines, C. O.: A unifying theory of high-latitude geophysical phenomena and geomagnetic storms, Can. J. Phys., 39, 1433–1464, https://doi.org/10.1139/p61-172, 1961. a
Baker, D. N., Kanekal, S. G., Pulkkinen, T. I., and Blake, J. B.: Equinoctial and solstitial averages of magnetospheric relativistic electrons: A strong semiannual modulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3193–3196, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL003638, 1999. a
Bartels, J.: Terrestrial-magnetic activity and its relations to solar phenomena, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, 37, 1–52, https://doi.org/10.1029/TE037i001p00001, 1932. a
Bartels, J.: Twenty-seven day recurrences in terrestrial-magnetic and solar activity, 1923–1933, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, 39, 201–202a, https://doi.org/10.1029/TE039i003p00201, 1934. a
Boller, B. R. and Stolov, H. L.: Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and the semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 6073–6084, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA075i031p06073, 1970. a, b
Broun, J. A.: Observations in magnetism and meteorology made at Makerstoun in Scotland, T. Roy. Soc. Edin.-Earth, 18, 401–402, 1848. a
Burton, R. K., McPherron, R. L., and Russell, C. T.: An empirical relationship between interplanetary conditions and Dst, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 4204–4214, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA080i031p04204, 1975. a
Chapman, S. and Ferraro, V. C. A.: A new theory of magnetic storms, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, 36, 77–97, https://doi.org/10.1029/TE036i002p00077, 1931. a
Cliver, E. W., Kamide, Y., and Ling, A. G.: Mountains versus valleys: Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 105, 2413–2424, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA900439, 2000. a, b
Cliver, E. W., Svalgaard, L., and Ling, A. G.: Origins of the semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity in 1954 and 1996, Ann. Geophys., 22, 93–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-93-2004, 2004. a
Cnossen, I. and Richmond, A. D.: How changes in the tilt angle of the geomagnetic dipole affect the coupled magnetosphere–ionosphere–thermosphere system, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 117, A10317, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018056, 2012. a
Cortie, A. L.: Sun-spots and Terrestrial Magnetic Phenomena, 1898–1911: the Cause of the Annual Variation in Magnetic Disturbances, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 73, 52–60, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/73.1.52, 1912. a, b
Danilov, A. A., Krymskii, G. F., and Makarov, G. A.: Geomagnetic activity as a reflection of processes in the magnetospheric tail: 1. The source of diurnal and semiannual variations in geomagnetic activity, Geomagn. Aeron+, 53, 469–475, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793213040051, 2013. a
Davis, T. N. and Sugiura, M.: Auroral electrojet activity index AE and its universal time variations, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 785–801, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i003p00785, 1966. a
Dungey, J. W.: Interplanetary Magnetic Field and the Auroral Zones, Phys. Rev. Lett., 6, 47–48, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.47, 1961. a, b
Durney, B. R.: On the Differences Between Odd and Even Solar Cycles, Sol. Phys., 196, 421–426, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005285315323, 2000. a
Echer, E., Gonzalez, W. D., Tsurutani, B. T., and Gonzalez, A. L. C.: Interplanetary conditions causing intense geomagnetic storms (
Echer, E., Gonzalez, W. D., and Tsurutani, B. T.: Statistical studies of geomagnetic storms with peak
El-Borie, M.: On Long-Term Periodicities In The Solar-Wind Ion Density and Speed Measurements During The Period 1973–2000, Sol. Phys., 208, 345–358, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020585822820, 2002. a, b, c
El-Borie, M., El-Taher, A., Thabet, A., and Bishara, A.: The Interconnection between the Periodicities of Solar Wind Parameters Based on the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Polarity (1967–2018): A Cross Wavelet Analysis, Sol. Phys., 295, 122, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-020-01692-2, 2020. a, b, c
Finch, I. D., Lockwood, M. L., and Rouillard, A. P.: Effects of solar wind magnetosphere coupling recorded at different geomagnetic latitudes: Separation of directly-driven and storage/release systems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21 105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035399, 2008. a
Gjerloev, J. W.: The SuperMAG data processing technique, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A09213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017683, 2012. a
Gnevyshev, M. N. and Ohl, A. I.: On the 22-year cycle of solar activity, Astron. Zh+, 25, 18–20, 1948. a
Gosling, J. T., Bame, S. J., McComas, D. J., and Phillips, J. L.: Coronal mass ejections and large geomagnetic storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 901–904, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i007p00901, 1990. a
Grandin, M., Aikio, A. T., and Kozlovsky, A.: Properties and Geoeffectiveness of Solar Wind High-Speed Streams and Stream Interaction Regions During Solar Cycles 23 and 24, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 3871–3892, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026396, 2019. a
Guarnieri, F. L.: A study of the solar and interplanetary origin of long-duration and continuous auroral activity events, PhD thesis, INPE, available at: http://livros01.livrosgratis.com.br/cp012558.pdf (last access: 23 May 2021), 2005. a
Guarnieri, F. L.: The nature of auroras during high-intensity long-duration continuous AE activity (HILDCAA) events: 1998 to 2001, 235–243, AGU, https://doi.org/10.1029/167GM19, 2006. a, b
Hajra, R.: September 2017 Space-Weather Events: A Study on Magnetic Reconnection and Geoeffectiveness, Sol. Phys., 296, 50, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-021-01803-7, 2021a. a, b, c, d
Hajra, R.: Seasonal dependence of the Earth's radiation belt – new insights, Ann. Geophys., 39, 181–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-181-2021, 2021b. a, b
Hajra, R.: Weakest Solar Cycle of the Space Age: A Study on Solar Wind–Magnetosphere Energy Coupling and Geomagnetic Activity, Sol. Phys., 296, 33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-021-01774-9, 2021c. a, b, c, d
Hajra, R., Echer, E., Tsurutani, B. T., and Gonzalez, W. D.: Superposed epoch analyses of HILDCAAs and their interplanetary drivers: Solar cycle and seasonal dependences, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 121, 24–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.09.012, 2014a. a, b
Hajra, R., Tsurutani, B. T., Echer, E., and Gonzalez, W. D.: Relativistic electron acceleration during high-intensity, long-duration, continuous AE activity (HILDCAA) events: Solar cycle phase dependences, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1876–1881, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059383, 2014b. a
Hajra, R., Tsurutani, B. T., Echer, E., Gonzalez, W. D., Brum, C. G. M., Vieira, L. E. A., and Santolik, O.: Relativistic electron acceleration during HILDCAA events: are precursor CIR magnetic storms important?, Earth Planet. Space, 67, 109, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0280-5, 2015a. a
Hajra, R., Tsurutani, B. T., Echer, E., Gonzalez, W. D., and Santolik, O.: Relativistic (E>0.6, >2.0, and >4.0 MeV) electron acceleration at geosynchronous orbit during high-intensity, long-duration, continuous AE activity (HILDCAA) events, Astrophys. J., 799, 39, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/799/1/39, 2015b. a
Hajra, R., Tsurutani, B. T., Echer, E., Gonzalez, W. D., and Gjerloev, J. W.: Supersubstorms (
Hajra, R., Tsurutani, B. T., and Lakhina, G. S.: The Complex Space Weather Events of 2017 September, Astrophys. J., 899, 3, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aba2c5, 2020. a
Hajra, R., Franco, A. M. S., Echer, E., and Bolzan, M. J. A.: Long-term variations of the geomagnetic activity: a comparison between the strong and weak solar activity cycles and implications for the space climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 126, e2020JA028 695, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028695, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Kanekal, S. G., Baker, D. N., and McPherron, R. L.: On the seasonal dependence of relativistic electron fluxes, Ann. Geophys., 28, 1101–1106, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1101-2010, 2010. a, b
Katsavrias, C., Hillaris, A., and Preka-Papadema, P.: A wavelet based approach to Solar–Terrestrial Coupling, Adv. Space Res., 57, 2234–2244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2016.03.001, 2016. a
Katsavrias, C., Papadimitriou, C., Aminalragia-Giamini, S., Daglis, I. A., Sandberg, I., and Jiggens, P.: On the semi-annual variation of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt, Ann. Geophys., 39, 413–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-413-2021, 2021. a, b
Lakhina, G. S. and Tsurutani, B. T.: Chapter 7 – Supergeomagnetic Storms: Past, Present, and Future, in: Extreme Events in Geospace: Origins, Predictability, and Consequences, edited by: Buzulukova, N., 157–185, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812700-1.00007-8, 2018. a
Lamy, P. L., Floyd, O., Boclet, B., Wojak, J., Gilardy, H., and Barlyaeva, T.: Coronal Mass Ejections over Solar Cycles 23 and 24, Space Sci. Rev., 215, 39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0605-y, 2019. a
Le Mouël, J.-L., Blanter, E., Chulliat, A., and Shnirman, M.: On the semiannual and annual variations of geomagnetic activity and components, Ann. Geophys., 22, 3583–3588, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3583-2004, 2004. a
Li, X., Baker, D. N., Kanekal, S. G., Looper, M., and Temerin, M.: Long term measurements of radiation belts by SAMPEX and their variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3827–3830, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013586, 2001. a
LISIRD: LASP Interactive Solar Irradiance Data Center, available at: https://lasp.colorado.edu/lisird/, last access: 23 May 2021. a
Lockwood, M., Owens, M. J., Barnard, L. A., Haines, C., Scott, C. J., McWilliams, K. A., and Coxon, J. C.: Semi-annual, annual and Universal Time variations in the magnetosphere and in geomagnetic activity: 1. Geomagnetic data, J. Space Weather Spac., 10, 23, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020023, 2020. a, b, c
Lomb, N. R.: Least-squares frequency analysis of unequally spaced data, Astrophys. Space Sci., 39, 447–462, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00648343, 1976. a
Marques de Souza, A., Echer, E., Bolzan, M. J. A., and Hajra, R.: Cross-correlation and cross-wavelet analyses of the solar wind IMF Bz and auroral electrojet index AE coupling during HILDCAAs, Ann. Geophys., 36, 205–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-205-2018, 2018. a
McIntosh, D. H.: On the annual variation of magnetic disturbance, Philos. T. R. Soc. S-A, 251, 525–552, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1959.0010, 1959. a
McPherron, R. L. and Chu, X.: The Midlatitude Positive Bay Index and the Statistics of Substorm Occurrence, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 2831–2850, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024766, 2018. a
Mendes, O., Domingues, M. O., Echer, E., Hajra, R., and Menconi, V. E.: Characterization of high-intensity, long-duration continuous auroral activity (HILDCAA) events using recurrence quantification analysis, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 407–417, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-407-2017, 2017. a
Meng, C.-I., Mauk, B., and McIlwain, C.: Electron precipitation of evening diffuse aurora and its conjugate electron fluxes near the magnetospheric equator, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2545–2558, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA084iA06p02545, 1979. a
Mursula, K. and Zieger, B.: Long-term north-south asymmetry in solar wind speed inferred from geomagnetic activity: A new type of century-scale solar oscillation?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 95–98, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011880, 2001. a
Mursula, K., Hiltula, T., and Zieger, B.: Latitudinal gradients of solar wind speed around the ecliptic: Systematic displacement of the streamer belt, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002Gl015318, 2002. a
Mursula, K., Tanskanen, E., and Love, J. J.: Spring-fall asymmetry of substorm strength, geomagnetic activity and solar wind: Implications for semiannual variation and solar hemispheric asymmetry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046751, 2011. a, b, c
Nakagawa, Y., Nozawa, S., and Shinbori, A.: Relationship between the low-latitude coronal hole area, solar wind velocity, and geomagnetic activity during solar cycles 23 and 24, Earth Planet. Space, 71, 24, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-1005-y, 2019. a
NASA: OMNIWeb Plus, available at: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/, last access: 23 May 2021. a
Newell, P. T. and Gjerloev, J. W.: Evaluation of SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices as indicators of substorms and auroral power, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A12211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016779, 2011. a
Newton, H. W. and Nunn, M. L.: The Sun's Rotation Derived from Sunspots 1934–1944 and Additional Results, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 111, 413–421, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/111.4.413, 1951. a
Nykyri, K., Bengtson, M., Angelopoulos, V., Nishimura, Y., and Wing, S.: Can Enhanced Flux Loading by High-Speed Jets Lead to a Substorm? Multipoint Detection of the Christmas Day Substorm Onset at 08:17 UT, 2015, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 4314–4340, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026357, 2019. a
O'Brien, T. P. and McPherron, R. L.: Seasonal and diurnal variation of Dst dynamics, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 107, SMP 3–1–SMP 3–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009435, 2002. a
Owens, M. J., Lockwood, M., Barnard, L. A., Scott, C. J., Haines, C., and Macneil, A.: Extreme Space-Weather Events and the Solar Cycle, Sol. Phys., 296, 82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-021-01831-3, 2021. a
Perreault, P. and Akasofu, S.-I.: A study of geomagnetic storms, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S., 54, 547–573, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1978.tb05494.x, 1978. a
Rawat, R., Echer, E., and Gonzalez, W. D.: How Different Are the Solar Wind–Interplanetary Conditions and the Consequent Geomagnetic Activity During the Ascending and Early Descending Phases of the Solar Cycles 23 and 24?, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 6621–6638, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025683, 2018. a
Richardson, I. G., Cane, H. V., and Cliver, E. W.: Sources of geomagnetic activity during nearly three solar cycles (1972–2000), J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 107, SSH 8–1–SSH 8–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000504, 2002. a
Rostoker, G.: Geomagnetic indices, Rev. Geophys., 10, 935–950, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG010i004p00935, 1972. a
Rostoker, G.: Identification of substorm expansive phase onsets, J. Geophys. Res., 107, SMP 26–1–SMP 26–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA003504, 2002. a
Russell, C. T.: Geophysical Coordinate Transformations, chap. Appendix 3, 184–196, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139878296.019, 1971. a
Russell, C. T. and McPherron, R. L.: Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 92–108, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i001p00092, 1973. a, b
Sabine, E.: VIII. On periodical laws discoverable in the mean effects of the larger magnetic disturbance. 2014; No. II, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond., 142, 103–124, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1852.0009, 1852. a
Scargle, J. D.: Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II. Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data, Astrophys. J., 263, 835–853, 1982. a
Scolini, C., Messerotti, M., Poedts, S., and Rodriguez, L.: Halo coronal mass ejections during Solar Cycle 24: reconstruction of the global scenario and geoeffectiveness, J. Space Weather Spac., 8, A09, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2017046, 2018. a
Souza, A. M., Echer, E., Bolzan, M. J. A., and Hajra, R.: A study on the main periodicities in interplanetary magnetic field Bz component and geomagnetic AE index during HILDCAA events using wavelet analysis, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 149, 81–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.09.006, 2016. a
Sugiura, M.: Hourly values of equatorial Dst for the IGY, Ann. Intern. Geophys. Year, 35, 9, 1964. a
SuperMAG: https://supermag.jhuapl.edu/, last access: 23 May 2021. a
Syed Ibrahim, M., Joshi, B., Cho, K.-S., Kim, R.-S., and Moon, Y.-J.: Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections During Solar Cycles 23 and 24: Sun–Earth Propagation Characteristics and Consequences at the Near-Earth Region, Sol. Phys., 294, 54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-019-1443-5, 2019. a
Tanskanen, E. I., Pulkkinen, T. I., Viljanen, A., Mursula, K., Partamies, N., and Slavin, J. A.: From space weather toward space climate time scales: Substorm analysis from 1993 to 2008, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A00I34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015788, 2011. a, b, c
Tapping, K. F.: Recent solar radio astronomy at centimeter wavelengths: The temporal variability of the 10.7-cm flux, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 92, 829–838, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD01p00829, 1987.
a
Thorne, R. M., Ni, B., Tao, X., Horne, R. B., and Meredith, N. P.: Scattering by chorus waves as the dominant cause of diffuse auroral precipitation, Nature, 467, 943–946, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09467, 2010. a
Tsurutani, B. T. and Meng, C.-I.: Interplanetary magnetic-field variations and substorm activity, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 2964–2970, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA077i016p02964, 1972. a
Tsurutani, B. T., Gonzalez, W. D., Tang, F., Akasofu, S. I., and Smith, E. J.: Origin of interplanetary southward magnetic fields responsible for major magnetic storms near solar maximum (1978–1979), J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 93, 8519–8531, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA08p08519, 1988. a
Tsurutani, B. T., Gonzalez, W. D., Tang, F., and Lee, Y. T.: Great magnetic storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 73–76, https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL02783, 1992. a, b
Tsurutani, B. T., Gonzalez, W. D., Guarnieri, F., Kamide, Y., Zhou, X., and Arballo, J. K.: Are high-intensity long-duration continuous AE activity (HILDCAA) events substorm expansion events?, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 66, 167–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2003.08.015, 2004. a, b
Tsurutani, B. T., Hajra, R., Echer, E., and Lakhina, G. S.: Comment on “First Observation of Mesosphere Response to the Solar Wind High-Speed Streams” by W. Yi et al., J. Geophys. Res., 124, 8165–8168, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026447, 2019. a, b
Tsurutani, B. T., Lakhina, G. S., and Hajra, R.: The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP): what we know now and what the current and future challenges are, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 27, 75–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-27-75-2020, 2020. a, b
Valdés-Galicia, J. F., Pérez-Enríquez, R., and Otaola, J. A.: The Cosmic-Ray 1.68-Year Variation: a Clue to Understand the Nature of the Solar Cycle?, Sol. Phys., 167, 409–417, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00146349, 1996. a, b
von Humboldt, A.: Die vollständigste aller bisherigen Beobachtungen über den Einfluss des Nordlichts auf die Magnetnadel angestellt, Ann. Phys., 29, 425–429, https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18080290806, 1808. a
Waldmeier, M.: Neue Eigenschaften der Sonnenfleckenkurve, Astronomische Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Sternwarte Zürich, 14, 105–136, 1934. a
Wang, H. and Lühr, H.: Seasonal-longitudinal variation of substorm occurrence frequency: Evidence for ionospheric control, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L07 104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029423, 2007. a, b, c
WDC: World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, available at: http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/, last access: 23 May 2021. a
Wilson, R. M.: Bimodality and the Hale cycle, Sol. Phys., 117, 269–278, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147248, 1988. a
Short summary
We used up-to-date substorms, HILDCAAs and geomagnetic storms of varying intensity along with all available geomagnetic indices during the space exploration era to explore the seasonal features of the geomagnetic activity and their drivers. As substorms, HILDCAAs and magnetic storms of varying intensity have varying solar/interplanetary drivers, such a study is important for acomplete understanding of the seasonal features of the geomagnetic response to the solar/interplanetary events.
We used up-to-date substorms, HILDCAAs and geomagnetic storms of varying intensity along with...
