Articles | Volume 39, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-899-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-899-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
14 Oct 2021
Regular paper |
| 14 Oct 2021
| 14 Oct 2021
Validation of SSUSI-derived auroral electron densities: comparisons to EISCAT data
Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Bergen, Norway
Patrick J. Espy
Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Bergen, Norway
Larry J. Paxton
Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland, USA
Related authors
Jan Maik Wissing, Olesya Yakovchuk, Stefan Bender, and Christina Arras
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1256, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1256, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the subauroral flux maximum (at 60° North/South geomagetic) observed in low-energy particle channels. Two independent atmospheric impact measurements refute the subauroral flux under low Kp, pointing to instrumental crosstalk, likely from energetic electrons. We propose correction methods to mitigate contamination, ensuring accurate ionization estimates. Without correction, subauroral flux overestimates thermospheric ionization, underscoring the need for data refinement.
Maryam Ramezani Ziarani, Miriam Sinnhuber, Thomas Reddmann, Bernd Funke, Stefan Bender, and Michael Prather
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-227, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Our study aims to present a new method for incorporating top-down solar forcing into stratospheric ozone relying on linearized ozone scheme. The addition of geomagnetic forcing led to significant ozone losses in the polar upper stratosphere of both hemispheres due to the catalytic cycles involving NOy. In addition to the particle precipitation effect, accounting for solar UV variability in the ICON-ART model leads to the changes in ozone in the tropical stratosphere.
Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Formation of nitric oxide NO in the upper atmosphere varies with solar activity. Observations show that it starts a chain of processes in the entire atmosphere affecting the ozone layer and climate system. This is often underestimated in models. We compare five models which show large differences in simulated NO. Analysis of results point out problems related to the oxygen balance, and to the impact of atmospheric waves on dynamics. Both must be modeled well to reproduce the downward coupling.
Jan Maik Wissing, Olesya Yakovchuk, Stefan Bender, and Christina Arras
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1256, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1256, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the subauroral flux maximum (at 60° North/South geomagetic) observed in low-energy particle channels. Two independent atmospheric impact measurements refute the subauroral flux under low Kp, pointing to instrumental crosstalk, likely from energetic electrons. We propose correction methods to mitigate contamination, ensuring accurate ionization estimates. Without correction, subauroral flux overestimates thermospheric ionization, underscoring the need for data refinement.
Maryam Ramezani Ziarani, Miriam Sinnhuber, Thomas Reddmann, Bernd Funke, Stefan Bender, and Michael Prather
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-227, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Our study aims to present a new method for incorporating top-down solar forcing into stratospheric ozone relying on linearized ozone scheme. The addition of geomagnetic forcing led to significant ozone losses in the polar upper stratosphere of both hemispheres due to the catalytic cycles involving NOy. In addition to the particle precipitation effect, accounting for solar UV variability in the ICON-ART model leads to the changes in ozone in the tropical stratosphere.
Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Formation of nitric oxide NO in the upper atmosphere varies with solar activity. Observations show that it starts a chain of processes in the entire atmosphere affecting the ozone layer and climate system. This is often underestimated in models. We compare five models which show large differences in simulated NO. Analysis of results point out problems related to the oxygen balance, and to the impact of atmospheric waves on dynamics. Both must be modeled well to reproduce the downward coupling.
Sabine Wüst, Michael Bittner, Patrick J. Espy, W. John R. French, and Frank J. Mulligan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1599–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1599-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1599-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-based OH* airglow measurements have been carried out for almost 100 years. Advanced detector technology has greatly simplified the automatic operation of OH* airglow observing instruments and significantly improved the temporal and/or spatial resolution. Studies based on long-term measurements or including a network of instruments are reviewed, especially in the context of deriving gravity wave properties. Scientific and technical challenges for the next few years are described.
Gunter Stober, Alexander Kozlovsky, Alan Liu, Zishun Qiao, Masaki Tsutsumi, Chris Hall, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Evgenia Belova, Johan Kero, Patrick J. Espy, Robert E. Hibbins, and Nicholas Mitchell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6509–6532, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6509-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6509-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wind observations at the edge to space, 70–110 km altitude, are challenging. Meteor radars have become a widely used instrument to obtain mean wind profiles above an instrument for these heights. We describe an advanced mathematical concept and present a tomographic analysis using several meteor radars located in Finland, Sweden and Norway, as well as Chile, to derive the three-dimensional flow field. We show an example of a gravity wave decelerating the mean flow.
Ekaterina Vorobeva, Marine De Carlo, Alexis Le Pichon, Patrick Joseph Espy, and Sven Peter Näsholm
Ann. Geophys., 39, 515–531, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-515-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-515-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our approach compares infrasound data and simulated microbarom soundscapes in multiple directions. Data recorded during 2014–2019 at Infrasound Station 37 in Norway were processed and compared to model results in different aspects (directional distribution, signal amplitude, and ability to track atmospheric changes during extreme events). The results reveal good agreement between the model and data. The approach has potential for near-real-time atmospheric and microbarom diagnostics.
Willem E. van Caspel, Patrick J. Espy, Robert E. Hibbins, and John P. McCormack
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1257–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1257-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1257-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Global-scale wind measurements from the upper regions of the atmosphere are used to isolate those atmospheric waves that follow the apparent motion of the sun over the course of a day. We present 16 years of near-continuous measurements, demonstrating the unique capabilities of the array of high-latitude SuperDARN radars. The validation steps outlined in our work also provide a methodology for future studies using wind measurements from the (expanding) network of SuperDARN radars.
Cited articles
Ajello, J. M., Evans, J. S., Veibell, V., Malone, C. P., Holsclaw, G. M., Hoskins, A. C., Lee, R. A., McClintock, W. E., Aryal, S., Eastes, R. W., and Schneider, N.: The UV Spectrum of the Lyman–Birge–Hopfield Band System of N2 Induced by Cascading from Electron Impact, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 125, e2019JA027546, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ja027546, 2020. a
Aksnes, A., Stadsnes, J., Østgaard, N., Germany, G. A., Oksavik, K., Vondrak, R. R., Brekke, A., and Løvhaug, U. P.: Height profiles of the ionospheric electron density derived using space-based remote sensing of UV and X ray emissions and EISCAT radar data: A ground-truth experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 111, A02 301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005ja011331, 2006. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Banks, P. M., Chappell, C. R., and Nagy, A. F.: A new model for the interaction of auroral electrons with the atmosphere: Spectral degradation, backscatter, optical emission, and ionization, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1459–1470, https://doi.org/10.1029/ja079i010p01459, 1974. a, b, c
Bender, S.: st-bender/pyeppaurora: Version 0.0.5, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4298137, 2020. a
Brasseur, G. P. and Solomon, S.: Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere, Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, 32, Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3824-0, 2005. a
Dupuy, E., Walker, K. A., Kar, J., Boone, C. D., McElroy, C. T., Bernath, P. F., Drummond, J. R., Skelton, R., McLeod, S. D., Hughes, R. C., Nowlan, C. R., Dufour, D. G., Zou, J., Nichitiu, F., Strong, K., Baron, P., Bevilacqua, R. M., Blumenstock, T., Bodeker, G. E., Borsdorff, T., Bourassa, A. E., Bovensmann, H., Boyd, I. S., Bracher, A., Brogniez, C., Burrows, J. P., Catoire, V., Ceccherini, S., Chabrillat, S., Christensen, T., Coffey, M. T., Cortesi, U., Davies, J., De Clercq, C., Degenstein, D. A., De Mazière, M., Demoulin, P., Dodion, J., Firanski, B., Fischer, H., Forbes, G., Froidevaux, L., Fussen, D., Gerard, P., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Granville, J., Griffith, D., Haley, C. S., Hannigan, J. W., Höpfner, M., Jin, J. J., Jones, A., Jones, N. B., Jucks, K., Kagawa, A., Kasai, Y., Kerzenmacher, T. E., Kleinböhl, A., Klekociuk, A. R., Kramer, I., Küllmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Kyrölä, E., Lambert, J.-C., Livesey, N. J., Llewellyn, E. J., Lloyd, N. D., Mahieu, E., Manney, G. L., Marshall, B. T., McConnell, J. C., McCormick, M. P., McDermid, I. S., McHugh, M., McLinden, C. A., Mellqvist, J., Mizutani, K., Murayama, Y., Murtagh, D. P., Oelhaf, H., Parrish, A., Petelina, S. V., Piccolo, C., Pommereau, J.-P., Randall, C. E., Robert, C., Roth, C., Schneider, M., Senten, C., Steck, T., Strandberg, A., Strawbridge, K. B., Sussmann, R., Swart, D. P. J., Tarasick, D. W., Taylor, J. R., Tétard, C., Thomason, L. W., Thompson, A. M., Tully, M. B., Urban, J., Vanhellemont, F., Vigouroux, C., von Clarmann, T., von der Gathen, P., von Savigny, C., Waters, J. W., Witte, J. C., Wolff, M., and Zawodny, J. M.: Validation of ozone measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 287–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-287-2009, 2009. a, b
EISCAT: CEDAR Madrigal Database, available at: http://cedar.openmadrigal.org, last access: 21 September 2020. a
Fang, X., Randall, C. E., Lummerzheim, D., Solomon, S. C., Mills, M. J., Marsh, D. R., Jackman, C. H., Wang, W., and Lu, G.: Electron impact ionization: A new parameterization for 100 eV to 1 MeV electrons, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 113, A09311, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013384, 2008. a, b, c, d
Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., Gil-López, S., von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G. P., Fischer, H., and Kellmann, S.: Downward transport of upper atmospheric NOx into the polar stratosphere and lower mesosphere during the Antarctic 2003 and Arctic 2002/2003 winters, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D24 308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006463, 2005. a
Funke, B., Ball, W., Bender, S., Gardini, A., Harvey, V. L., Lambert, A., López-Puertas, M., Marsh, D. R., Meraner, K., Nieder, H., Päivärinta, S.-M., Pérot, K., Randall, C. E., Reddmann, T., Rozanov, E., Schmidt, H., Seppälä, A., Sinnhuber, M., Sukhodolov, T., Stiller, G. P., Tsvetkova, N. D., Verronen, P. T., Versick, S., von Clarmann, T., Walker, K. A., and Yushkov, V.: HEPPA-II model–measurement intercomparison project: EPP indirect effects during the dynamically perturbed NH winter 2008–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3573–3604, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3573-2017, 2017. a
Germany, G. A., Torr, M. R., Richards, P. G., and Torr, D. G.: The dependence of modeled OI 1356 and N2 Lyman Birge Hopfield auroral emissions on the neutral atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 95, 7725, https://doi.org/10.1029/ja095ia06p07725, 1990. a, b
Khazanov, G. V. and Chen, M. W.: Why Atmospheric Backscatter Is Important in the Formation of Electron Precipitation in the Diffuse Aurora, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 126, e2021JA029211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ja029211, 2021. a, b, c
Knight, H. K.: Auroral ionospheric E region parameters obtained from satellite- based far-ultraviolet and ground-based ionosonde observations – effects of proton precipitation, Ann. Geophys., 39, 105–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-105-2021, 2021. a
Knight, H. K., Galkin, I. A., Reinisch, B. W., and Zhang, Y.: Auroral Ionospheric E Region Parameters Obtained From Satellite-Based Far Ultraviolet and Ground-Based Ionosonde Observations: Data, Methods, and Comparisons, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 6065–6089, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017ja024822, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA024822, 2018. a, b, c, d
Lehtinen, M. S. and Huuskonen, A.: General incoherent scatter analysis and GUISDAP, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 435–452, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00047-x, 1996. a
Lossow, S., Khosrawi, F., Kiefer, M., Walker, K. A., Bertaux, J.-L., Blanot, L., Russell, J. M., Remsberg, E. E., Gille, J. C., Sugita, T., Sioris, C. E., Dinelli, B. M., Papandrea, E., Raspollini, P., García-Comas, M., Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Dudhia, A., Read, W. G., Nedoluha, G. E., Damadeo, R. P., Zawodny, J. M., Weigel, K., Rozanov, A., Azam, F., Bramstedt, K., Noël, S., Burrows, J. P., Sagawa, H., Kasai, Y., Urban, J., Eriksson, P., Murtagh, D. P., Hervig, M. E., Högberg, C., Hurst, D. F., and Rosenlof, K. H.: The SPARC water vapour assessment II: profile-to-profile comparisons of stratospheric and lower mesospheric water vapour data sets obtained from satellites, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2693–2732, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2693-2019, 2019. a, b
Matthes, K., Funke, B., Andersson, M. E., Barnard, L., Beer, J., Charbonneau, P., Clilverd, M. A., Dudok de Wit, T., Haberreiter, M., Hendry, A., Jackman, C. H., Kretzschmar, M., Kruschke, T., Kunze, M., Langematz, U., Marsh, D. R., Maycock, A. C., Misios, S., Rodger, C. J., Scaife, A. A., Seppälä, A., Shangguan, M., Sinnhuber, M., Tourpali, K., Usoskin, I., van de Kamp, M., Verronen, P. T., and Versick, S.: Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2247–2302, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2247-2017, 2017. a
Paxton, L. J. and Zhang, Y.: Space Weather Fundamentals, chap. Far ultraviolet imaging of the aurora, 213–244, CRC Press Laurel, MD, USA, 2016. a
Paxton, L. J., Meng, C.-I., Fountain, G. H., Ogorzalek, B. S., Darlington, E. H., Gary, S. A., Goldsten, J. O., Kusnierkiewicz, D. Y., Lee, S. C., Linstrom, L. A., Maynard, J. J., Peacock, K., Persons, D. F., and Smith, B. E.: Special sensor ultraviolet spectrographic imager: an instrument description, in: Instrumentation for Planetary and Terrestrial Atmospheric Remote Sensing, edited by: Chakrabarti, S. and Christensen, A. B., SPIE, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60595, 1992. a, b, c, d
Paxton, L. J., Meng, C.-I., Fountain, G. H., Ogorzalek, B. S., Darlington, E. H., Gary, S. A., Goldsten, J. O., Kusnierkiewicz, D. Y., Lee, S. C., Linstrom, L. A., Maynard, J. J., Peacock, K., Persons, D. F., Smith, B. E., Strickland, D. J., and Daniell Jr., R. E.: SSUSI – Horizon-to-horizon and limb-viewing spectrographic imager for remote sensing of environmental parameters, in: Ultraviolet Technology IV, edited by: Huffman, R. E., SPIE, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140846, 1993. a, b, c, d
Paxton, L. J., Morrison, D., Zhang, Y., Kil, H., Wolven, B., Ogorzalek, B. S., Humm, D. C., and Meng, C.-I.: Validation of remote sensing products produced by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Scanning Imager (SSUSI): a far UV-imaging spectrograph on DMSP F-16, in: Optical Spectroscopic Techniques, Remote Sensing, and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research IV, edited by: Larar, A. M. and Mlynczak, M. G., SPIE, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.454268, 2002. a
Paxton, L. J., Schaefer, R. K., Zhang, Y., and Kil, H.: Far ultraviolet instrument technology, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 2706–2733, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023578, 2017. a, b, c, d
Paxton, L. J., Schaefer, R. K., Zhang, Y., Kil, H., and Hicks, J. E.: SSUSI and SSUSI-Lite: Providing Space Situational Awareness and Support for Over 25 Years, Johns Hopkins APL Tech. D., 34, 388–400, 2018. a
Picone, J. M., Hedin, A. E., Drob, D. P., and Aikin, A. C.: NRLMSISE-00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 107, 1468, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009430, 2002. a
Porter, H. S., Jackman, C. H., and Green, A. E. S.: Efficiencies for production of atomic nitrogen and oxygen by relativistic proton impact in air, J. Chem. Phys., 65, 154–167, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.432812, 1976. a
Randall, C. E.: Validation of POAM III ozone: Comparisons with ozonesonde and satellite data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4367, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002944, 2003. a
Randall, C. E.: Stratospheric effects of energetic particle precipitation in 2003–2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05 802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl022003, 2005. a
Randall, C. E., Siskind, D. E., and Bevilacqua, R. M.: Stratospheric NOx enhancements in the Southern Hemisphere Vortex in winter/spring of 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2385–2388, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012746, 2001. a
Randall, C. E., Harvey, V. L., Siskind, D. E., France, J., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., and Walker, K. A.: NOx descent in the Arctic middle atmosphere in early 2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039706, 2009. a, b, c
Rees, M.: Auroral electrons, Space Sci. Rev., 10, 413–441, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00203621, 1969. a
Rees, M. H.: Auroral ionization and excitation by incident energetic electrons, Planet. Space Sci., 11, 1209–1218, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(63)90252-6, 1963. a, b, c
Robinson, R. M. and Vondrak, R. R.: Validation of techniques for space based remote sensing of auroral precipitation and its ionospheric effects, Space Sci. Rev., 69, 331–407, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02101699, 1994. a, b, c
Schröter, J., Heber, B., Steinhilber, F., and Kallenrode, M.: Energetic particles in the atmosphere: A Monte-carlo simulation, Adv. Space Res., 37, 1597–1601, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.085, 2006. a
Smith-Johnsen, C., Marsh, D. R., Orsolini, Y., Tyssøy, H. N., Hendrickx, K., Sandanger, M. I., Ødegaard, L.-K. G., and Stordal, F.: Nitric Oxide Response to the April 2010 Electron Precipitation Event: Using WACCM and WACCM-D With and Without Medium-Energy Electrons, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 5232–5245, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja025418, 2018. a, b
SSUSI: Data Products, available at: https://ssusi.jhuapl.edu/data_products, last access: 21 September 2020. a
Strickland, D., Bishop, J., Evans, J., Majeed, T., Shen, P., Cox, R., Link, R., and Huffman, R.: Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code (AURIC): theory, software architecture, inputs, and selected results, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 62, 689–742, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4073(98)00098-3, 1999. a, b, c
Strickland, D. J., Jasperse, J. R., and Whalen, J. A.: Dependence of auroral FUV emissions on the incident electron spectrum and neutral atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 88, 8051, https://doi.org/10.1029/ja088ia10p08051, 1983. a, b, c
Strong, K., Wolff, M. A., Kerzenmacher, T. E., Walker, K. A., Bernath, P. F., Blumenstock, T., Boone, C., Catoire, V., Coffey, M., De Mazière, M., Demoulin, P., Duchatelet, P., Dupuy, E., Hannigan, J., Höpfner, M., Glatthor, N., Griffith, D. W. T., Jin, J. J., Jones, N., Jucks, K., Kuellmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Lambert, A., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J. C., Mellqvist, J., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D. P., Notholt, J., Piccolo, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Robert, C., Schneider, M., Schrems, O., Semeniuk, K., Senten, C., Stiller, G. P., Strandberg, A., Taylor, J., Tétard, C., Toohey, M., Urban, J., Warneke, T., and Wood, S.: Validation of ACE-FTS N2O measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4759–4786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4759-2008, 2008. a
Torr, M. R., Torr, D. G., Zukic, M., Johnson, R. B., Ajello, J., Banks, P., Clark, K., Cole, K., Keffer, C., Parks, G., Tsurutani, B., and Spann, J.: A far ultraviolet imager for the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Mission, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 329–383, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00751335, 1995. a
Turunen, E., Verronen, P. T., Seppälä, A., Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., Tamminen, J., Enell, C.-F., and Ulich, T.: Impact of different energies of precipitating particles on NOx generation in the middle and upper atmosphere during geomagnetic storms, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 71, 1176–1189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2008.07.005, 2009. a
van de Kamp, M., Seppälä, A., Clilverd, M. A., Rodger, C. J., Verronen, P. T., and Whittaker, I. C.: A model providing long-term data sets of energetic electron precipitation during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 12520–12540, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024212, 2016.
a
Verronen, P. T., Seppälä, A., Clilverd, M. A., Rodger, C. J., Kyrölä, E., Enell, C.-F., Ulich, T., and Turunen, E.: Diurnal variation of ozone depletion during the October–November 2003 solar proton events, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 110, A09S32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004ja010932, 2005. a
Vickrey, J. F., Vondrak, R. R., and Matthews, S. J.: Energy deposition by precipitating particles and Joule dissipation in the auroral ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 87, 5184–5196, https://doi.org/10.1029/ja087ia07p05184, 1982. a, b, c
Vondrak, R. R. and Baron, M. J.: Radar measurements of the latitudinal variation of auroral ionization, Radio Sci., 11, 939–946, https://doi.org/10.1029/rs011i011p00939, 1976. a, b, c, d
Wissing, J. M. and Kallenrode, M.-B.: Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück (AIMOS): A 3-D model to determine atmospheric ionization by energetic charged particles from different populations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 114, A06 104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013884, 2009. a, b, c
Short summary
The coupling of the atmosphere to the space environment has become recognized as an important driver of atmospheric chemistry and dynamics. We have validated the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) products for average electron energy and electron energy flux by comparison to EISCAT electron density profiles. The good agreement shows that SSUSI far-UV observations can be used to provide ionization rate profiles throughout the auroral region.
The coupling of the atmosphere to the space environment has become recognized as an important...
