Articles | Volume 38, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
28 Aug 2020
Regular paper |
| 28 Aug 2020
| 28 Aug 2020
Outer Van Allen belt trapped and precipitating electron flux responses to two interplanetary magnetic clouds of opposite polarity
Harriet George
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Emilia Kilpua
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Adnane Osmane
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Timo Asikainen
Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Milla M. H. Kalliokoski
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Craig J. Rodger
Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Stepan Dubyagin
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Minna Palmroth
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Related authors
Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Markku Alho, Maxime Grandin, Maxime Dubart, Lucile Turc, Hongyang Zhou, Konstantinos Horaites, Ivan Zaitsev, Giulia Cozzani, Maarja Bussov, Evgeny Gordeev, Fasil Tesema, Harriet George, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7903–7912, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a plasma simulation code that simulates the entire near-Earth space at a global scale. As 6D simulations require enormous amounts of computational resources, Vlasiator uses adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to lighten the computational burden. However, due to Vlasiator’s grid topology, AMR simulations suffer from grid aliasing artifacts that affect the global results. In this work, we present and evaluate the performance of a mechanism for alleviating those artifacts.
Abiyot Bires Workayehu, Minna Palmroth, Maxime Grandin, Liisa Juusola, Markku Alho, Ivan Zaitsev, Venla Koikkalainen, Konstantinos Horaites, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, and Jonas Suni
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2282, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2282, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the ionospheric signatures of BBFs in the magnetotail utilising a global 6D hybrid-Vlasov simulation coupled with an ionospheric model. We analyse changes in the magnitudes of ionospheric observables and use them as the ionospheric manifestations of bursty bulk flows. Our results reveal that reconnection-driven BBF induce vortices that generate FACs, which map to the ionosphere with distinct east-west alignment and exhibit a characteristic westward drift.
Venla Koikkalainen, Maxime Grandin, Emilia Kilpua, Abiyot Workayehu, Ivan Zaitsev, Liisa Juusola, Shi Tao, Markku Alho, Lauri Pänkäläinen, Giulia Cozzani, Konstantinos Horaites, Jonas Suni, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, and Minna Palmroth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2265, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2265, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical simulation to study phenomena that occur between the Earth’s dipolar magnetic field and the nightside of near-Earth space. We observe the formation of large-scale vortex flows with scales of several Earth radii. On the ionospheric grid of the simulation we find that the field-aligned currents formed in the simulation reflect the vortex flow in the transition region. The main finding is that the vortex flow is a result of a combination of flow dynamics and a plasma instability.
Liisa Juusola, Ilkka Virtanen, Spencer Mark Hatch, Heikki Vanhamäki, Maxime Grandin, Noora Partamies, Urs Ganse, Ilja Honkonen, Abiyot Workayehu, Antti Kero, and Minna Palmroth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2394, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2394, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Key properties of the ionospheric electrodynamics are electric fields, currents, and conductances. They provide a window to the vast and distant near-Earth space, cause Joule heating that affect satellite orbits, and drive geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in technological conductor networks. We have developed a new method for solving the key properties of ionospheric electrodynamics from ground-based magnetic field observations.
Hannah E. Kessenich, Annika Seppälä, Dan Smale, Craig J. Rodger, and Mark Weber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-873, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-873, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We use observational data to track a mass of mesospheric air which descends into the Antarctic polar vortex each spring. The altitude of the air mass at the end of October is used to create a new diagnostic metric. The metric captures the dynamical conditions of the vortex and can be used to estimate the amount of poleward ozone transport in October. When used as a proxy for October polar total column ozone, the metric explains the majority (63%) of the observed variance from 2004–2024.
Shi Tao, Markku Alho, Ivan Zaitsev, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, and Minna Palmroth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1340, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Plasma convection is the movement of plasma that drags the magnetic field lines with it. Magnetic field in the solar wind interacts with the Earth's magnetic field and drags the dayside field lines of the Earth's magnetosphere toward nightside, causing the plasma inside the magnetosphere to circulate around the Earth in a process called the Dungey Cycle. Our simulation and methodology desribe this cycle in detail and find features in the convection that are not explained by fluid models.
Tuomas Häkkilä, Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Monika E. Szeląg, Markku Alho, Leo Kotipalo, Niilo Kalakoski, Pekka T. Verronen, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 43, 217–240, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-217-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-217-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study the atmospheric impact of auroral electron precipitation through the novel combination of both magnetospheric modelling and atmospheric modelling. We first simulate fluxes of auroral electrons and then use these fluxes to model their atmospheric impact. We find an increase of more than 200 % in thermospheric odd nitrogen and a corresponding decrease in stratospheric ozone of around 0.8 %. The produced auroral electron precipitation is realistic and shows potential for future studies.
Anton Fetzer, Mikko Savola, Adnane Osmane, Vili-Arttu Ketola, Philipp Oleynik, and Minna Palmroth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1279, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1279, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme events can pose serious risks to satellites, potentially disrupting communication, navigation, and power systems. Our study estimates the worst-case radiation levels during such an event and assesses their impact on electronics and solar panels.
Venla Koikkalainen, Emilia Kilpua, Simon Good, and Adnane Osmane
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-106, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-106, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study time series of solar wind large-scale structures (magnetic clouds, sheaths, slow and fast streams). These have profound importance for causing disturbances in the heliospheric conditions and driving space weather on Earth. The used techniques include methods deriving from information theory to determine entropy and complexity. We find that all of these techniques show stochastic fluctuations, but magnetic clouds stand out due to their coherent magnetic field
Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Hongyang Zhou, Liisa Juusola, Abiyot Workayehu, Fasil Kebede, Konstantinos Papadakis, Maxime Grandin, Markku Alho, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Leo Kotipalo, Arnaud Lalagüe, Jonas Suni, Konstantinos Horaites, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 511–527, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-511-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-511-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a kinetic space plasma model that simulates the behavior of plasma, solar wind and magnetic fields in near-Earth space. So far, these simulations have been run without any interaction with the ionosphere, the uppermost layer of Earth's atmosphere. In this paper, we present the new methods that add an ionospheric electrodynamics model to Vlasiator, coupling it with the existing methods and presenting new simulation results of how space plasma and Earth's ionosphere interact.
Emilia Kilpua, Simon Good, Juska Soljento, Domenico Trotta, Tia Bäcker, Julia Ruohotie, Jens Pomoell, Chaitanya Sishtla, and Rami Vainio
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3564, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3564, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Interplanetary shock waves are one of the major forms of heliospheric transient that can have a profound impact on solar wind plasma and magnetic field conditions and accelerate charged particles to high energies. This work performs an extensive statistical analysis to detail how some of the key solar wind turbulence parameters, critical for understanding particle acceleration, are modified at the interplanetary shocks waves.
Yann Pfau-Kempf, Konstantinos Papadakis, Markku Alho, Markus Battarbee, Giulia Cozzani, Lauri Pänkäläinen, Urs Ganse, Fasil Kebede, Jonas Suni, Konstantinos Horaites, Maxime Grandin, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-26, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-26, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
Flux ropes are peculiar structures of twisted magnetic field occurring in many regions of space, near Earth and other planets, at the Sun, and in astrophysical objects. We developed a new way of detecting flux ropes in large supercomputer simulations of near-Earth space and we use it to follow the evolution of flux ropes for long distances past the Earth in the flow direction. This will be useful in future studies as these flux ropes are involved in the transport of matter and energy in space.
Leo Kotipalo, Markus Battarbee, Yann Pfau-Kempf, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6401–6413, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines a method called adaptive mesh refinement in optimization of the space plasma simulation model Vlasiator. The method locally adjusts resolution in regions which are most relevant to modelling, based on the properties of the plasma. The runs testing this method show that adaptive refinement manages to highlight the desired regions with manageable performance overhead. Performance in larger-scale production runs and mitigation of overhead are avenues of further research.
Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Simon Good, Matti Ala-Lahti, Adnane Osmane, and Venla Koikkalainen
Ann. Geophys., 42, 163–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-163-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-163-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind is organised into slow and fast streams, interaction regions, and transient structures originating from solar eruptions. Their internal characteristics are not well understood. A more comprehensive understanding of such features can give insight itno physical processes governing their formation and evolution. Using tools from information theory, we find that the solar wind shows universal turbulent properties on smaller scales, while on larger scales, clear differences arise.
Markku Alho, Giulia Cozzani, Ivan Zaitsev, Fasil Tesema Kebede, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Maarja Bussov, Maxime Dubart, Sanni Hoilijoki, Leo Kotipalo, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, Abiyot Workayehu, Hongyang Zhou, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 42, 145–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetic reconnection is one of the main processes for energy conversion and plasma transport in space plasma physics, associated with plasma entry into the magnetosphere of Earth and Earth’s substorm cycle. Global modelling of these plasma processes enables us to understand the magnetospheric system in detail. However, finding sites of active reconnection from large simulation datasets can be challenging, and this paper develops tools to find magnetic topologies related to reconnection.
Sanni Hoilijoki, Emilia Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Lucile Turc, Mikko Savola, Veera Lipsanen, Harriet George, and Milla Kalliokoski
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-3, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-3, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
Structures originating from the Sun, such as coronal mass ejections and high-speed streams, may impact the Earth's magnetosphere differently. The occurrence rate of these structures depends on the phase solar cycle. We use mutual information to study the change in the statistical dependence between solar wind and inner magnetosphere. We find that the non-linearity between solar wind and inner magnetosphere varies over the solar cycle and during different solar wind drivers.
Jonas Suni, Minna Palmroth, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Giulia Cozzani, Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Harriet George, Evgeny Gordeev, Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Vertti Tarvus, Fasil Tesema, and Hongyang Zhou
Ann. Geophys., 41, 551–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are structures of enhanced plasma density and/or velocity in a region of near-Earth space known as the magnetosheath. When they propagate towards the Earth, these jets can disturb the Earth's magnetic field and cause hazards for satellites. In this study, we use a simulation called Vlasiator to model near-Earth space and investigate jets using case studies and statistical analysis. We find that jets that propagate towards the Earth are different from jets that do not.
Konstantinos Papadakis, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Markku Alho, Maxime Grandin, Maxime Dubart, Lucile Turc, Hongyang Zhou, Konstantinos Horaites, Ivan Zaitsev, Giulia Cozzani, Maarja Bussov, Evgeny Gordeev, Fasil Tesema, Harriet George, Jonas Suni, Vertti Tarvus, and Minna Palmroth
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7903–7912, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vlasiator is a plasma simulation code that simulates the entire near-Earth space at a global scale. As 6D simulations require enormous amounts of computational resources, Vlasiator uses adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to lighten the computational burden. However, due to Vlasiator’s grid topology, AMR simulations suffer from grid aliasing artifacts that affect the global results. In this work, we present and evaluate the performance of a mechanism for alleviating those artifacts.
Adnane Osmane, Mikko Savola, Emilia Kilpua, Hannu Koskinen, Joseph E. Borovsky, and Milla Kalliokoski
Ann. Geophys., 40, 37–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-37-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-37-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
It has long been known that particles get accelerated close to the speed of light in the near-Earth space environment. Research in the last decades has also clarified what processes and waves are responsible for the acceleration of particles. However, it is difficult to quantify the scale of the impact of various processes competing with one another. In this study we present a methodology to quantify the impact waves can have on energetic particles.
Ioannis A. Daglis, Loren C. Chang, Sergio Dasso, Nat Gopalswamy, Olga V. Khabarova, Emilia Kilpua, Ramon Lopez, Daniel Marsh, Katja Matthes, Dibyendu Nandy, Annika Seppälä, Kazuo Shiokawa, Rémi Thiéblemont, and Qiugang Zong
Ann. Geophys., 39, 1013–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1013-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1013-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a detailed account of the science programme PRESTO (PREdictability of the variable Solar–Terrestrial cOupling), covering the period 2020 to 2024. PRESTO was defined by a dedicated committee established by SCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics). We review the current state of the art and discuss future studies required for the most effective development of solar–terrestrial physics.
Vertti Tarvus, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Jonas Suni, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markku Alho, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Andreas Johlander, Konstantinos Papadakis, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use simulations of Earth's magnetosphere and study the formation of transient wave structures in the region where the solar wind first interacts with the magnetosphere. These transients move earthward and play a part in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction. We show that the transients are a common feature and their properties are altered as they move earthward, including an increase in temperature, decrease in solar wind speed and an alteration in their propagation properties.
Andrei Runov, Maxime Grandin, Minna Palmroth, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Heli Hietala, Sanni Hoilijoki, Emilia Kilpua, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Sergio Toledo-Redondo, Lucile Turc, and Drew Turner
Ann. Geophys., 39, 599–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In collisionless systems like space plasma, particle velocity distributions contain fingerprints of ongoing physical processes. However, it is challenging to decode this information from observations. We used hybrid-Vlasov simulations to obtain ion velocity distribution functions at different locations and at different stages of the Earth's magnetosphere dynamics. The obtained distributions provide valuable examples that may be directly compared with observations by satellites in space.
Minna Palmroth, Savvas Raptis, Jonas Suni, Tomas Karlsson, Lucile Turc, Andreas Johlander, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Vertti Tarvus, and Adnane Osmane
Ann. Geophys., 39, 289–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity features within the Earth's turbulent magnetosheath, separating the Earth's magnetic domain from the solar wind. The characteristics of the jets are difficult to assess statistically as a function of their lifetime because normally spacecraft observe them only at one position within the magnetosheath. This study first confirms the accuracy of the model used, Vlasiator, by comparing it to MMS spacecraft, and then carries out the first jet lifetime statistics.
Minna Palmroth, Maxime Grandin, Theodoros Sarris, Eelco Doornbos, Stelios Tourgaidis, Anita Aikio, Stephan Buchert, Mark A. Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Roderick Heelis, Alex Hoffmann, Nickolay Ivchenko, Guram Kervalishvili, David J. Knudsen, Anna Kotova, Han-Li Liu, David M. Malaspina, Günther March, Aurélie Marchaudon, Octav Marghitu, Tomoko Matsuo, Wojciech J. Miloch, Therese Moretto-Jørgensen, Dimitris Mpaloukidis, Nils Olsen, Konstantinos Papadakis, Robert Pfaff, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Christian Siemes, Claudia Stolle, Jonas Suni, Jose van den IJssel, Pekka T. Verronen, Pieter Visser, and Masatoshi Yamauchi
Ann. Geophys., 39, 189–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) in terms of measurements and modelling. The LTI is the transition region between space and the atmosphere and as such of tremendous importance to both the domains of space and atmosphere. The paper also serves as the background for European Space Agency Earth Explorer 10 candidate mission Daedalus.
Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Markku Alho, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Grandin, Urs Ganse, Konstantinos Papadakis, Andreas Johlander, Lucile Turc, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate local acceleration dynamics of electrons with a new numerical simulation method, which is an extension of a world-leading kinetic plasma simulation. We describe how large supercomputer simulations can be used to initialize the electron simulations and show numerical stability for the electron method. We show that features of our simulated electrons match observations from Earth's magnetic tail region.
Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Adnane Osmane, Andreas Johlander, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Plasma waves are ubiquitous in the Earth's magnetosphere. They are responsible for many energetic processes happening in Earth's atmosphere, such as auroras. In order to understand these processes, thorough investigations of these waves are needed. We use a state-of-the-art numerical model to do so. Here we investigate the impact of different spatial resolutions in the model on these waves in order to improve in the future the model without wasting computational resources.
Markus Battarbee, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Lucile Turc, Primož Kajdič, Andreas Johlander, Vertti Tarvus, Stephen Fuselier, Karlheinz Trattner, Markku Alho, Thiago Brito, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Tomas Karlsson, Savvas Raptis, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Jonas Suni, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1081–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamics of helium in the foreshock, a part of near-Earth space found upstream of the Earth's bow shock. We show how the second most common ion in interplanetary space reacts strongly to plasma waves found in the foreshock. Spacecraft observations and supercomputer simulations both give us a new understanding of the foreshock edge and how to interpret future observations.
Lucile Turc, Vertti Tarvus, Andrew P. Dimmock, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Andreas Johlander, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1045–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using global computer simulations, we study properties of the magnetosheath, the region of near-Earth space where the stream of particles originating from the Sun, the solar wind, is slowed down and deflected around the Earth's magnetic field. One of our main findings is that even for idealised solar wind conditions as used in our model, the magnetosheath density shows large-scale spatial and temporal variation in the so-called quasi-parallel magnetosheath, causing varying levels of asymmetry.
Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Dominique Fontaine, Simon W. Good, Matti Ala-Lahti, Adnane Osmane, Erika Palmerio, Emiliya Yordanova, Clement Moissard, Lina Z. Hadid, and Miho Janvier
Ann. Geophys., 38, 999–1017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper studies magnetic field fluctuations in three turbulent sheath regions ahead of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in the near-Earth solar wind. Our results show that fluctuation properties vary significantly in different parts of the sheath when compared to solar wind ahead. Turbulence in sheaths resembles that of the slow solar wind in the terrestrial magnetosheath, e.g. regarding compressibility and intermittency, and it often lacks Kolmogorov's spectral indices.
Cited articles
Agapitov, O., Artemyev, A., Krasnoselskikh, V., Khotyaintsev, Y. V., Mourenas,
D., Breuillard, H., Balikhin, M., and Rolland, G.: Statistics of whistler
mode waves in the outer radiation belt: Cluster STAFF-SA measurements,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 3407–3420,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50312,
2013. a
Asikainen, T.: Calibrated and corrected POES/MEPED energetic particle
observations, in: The ESPAS e-infrastructure: Access to data in near-Earth
space, edited by: Belehaki, A., Hapgood, M., and Watermann, J., EDP Sciences,
57–69, EDP Open, London, UK, https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-1949-2, 2017. a
Asikainen, T.: New Homogeneous Composite Of Energetic Electron Fluxes From
POES: 2. Intercalibration of SEM-1 and SEM-2, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 124, 5761–5782, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026699,
2019. a
Asikainen, T. and Mursula, K.: Recalibration of NOAA/MEPED energetic proton
measurements, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 73, 335–347,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2009.12.011, 2011. a
Asikainen, T. and Mursula, K.: Correcting the NOAA/MEPED energetic electron
fluxes for detector efficiency and proton contamination, J. Geophys. Res.,
118, 6500–6510, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50584, 2013. a, b
Asikainen, T., Mursula, K., and Maliniemi, V.: Correction of detector noise
and recalibration of NOAA/MEPED energetic proton fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.,
117, A09204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017593, 2012. a
Baker, D., Kanekal, S., Hoxie, V., Batiste, S., Bolton, M., Li, X., Elkington,
S., Monk, S., Reukauf, R., Steg, S., Westfall, J., Belting, C., Bolton, B.,
Braun, D., Cervelli, B., Hubbell, K., Kien, M., Knappmiller, S., Wade, S.,
and Friedel, R.: The Relativistic Electron-Proton Telescope (REPT) Instrument
on Board the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Spacecraft: Characterization
of Earth's Radiation Belt High-Energy Particle Populations, Space Sci.
Rev., 179, 337–381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9950-9, 2012. a
Baker, D. N., Erickson, P. J., Fennell, J. F., Foster, J. C., Jaynes,
A. N., and Verronen, P. T.: Space Weather Effects in the Earth's Radiation
Belts, Space Sci. Rev., 214, 17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0452-7, 2018. a, b
Bingham, S. T., Mouikis, C. G., Kistler, L. M., Paulson, K. W., Farrugia,
C. J., Huang, C. L., Spence, H. E., Reeves, G. D., and Kletzing, C.: The
Storm Time Development of Source Electrons and Chorus Wave Activity During
CME- and CIR-Driven Storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
124, 6438–6452, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026689,
2019. a, b, c, d, e, f
Blake, J., Carranza, P., Claudepierre, S., Clemmons, J., Jr, W., Dotan, Y.,
Fennell, J., Fuentes, F., Galvan, R., George, J., Henderson, M., Lalic, M.,
Lin, A., Looper, M., Mabry, D., Mazur, J., Mccarthy, B., Nguyen, C.,
O'Brien, T., and Zakrzewski, M.: The Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer
(MagEIS) instruments aboard the Radiation Belt Storm Probe (RBSP) spacecraft,
Space Sci. Rev., 179, 383–421, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-9991-8, 2013. a
Blum, L. W., Artemyev, A., Agapitov, O., Mourenas, D., Boardsen, S.,
and Schiller, Q.: EMIC Wave-Driven Bounce Resonance Scattering of
Energetic Electrons in the Inner Magnetosphere, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 124, 2484–2496, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026427, 2019. a
Bortnik, J., Thorne, R. M., O'Brien, T. P., Green, J. C., Strangeway, R. J.,
Shprits, Y. Y., and Baker, D. N.: Observation of two distinct, rapid loss
mechanisms during the 20 November 2003 radiation belt dropout event, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 111, A12216, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011802,
2006. a, b
Bothmer, V. and Schwenn, R.: The structure and origin of magnetic clouds in the solar wind, Ann. Geophys., 16, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0001-x, 1998. a
Bounds, S.: Data Index, available at: https://emfisis.physics.uiowa.edu/data/index, last access: 27 August 2020. a
Boyd, A. J., Spence, H. E., Huang, C.-L., Reeves, G. D., Baker, D. N., Turner,
D. L., Claudepierre, S. G., Fennell, J. F., Blake, J. B., and Shprits, Y. Y.:
Statistical properties of the radiation belt seed population, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 7636–7646,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022652,
2016. a, b
Burlaga, L., Sittler, E., Mariani, F., and Schwenn, R.: Magnetic loop
behind an interplanetary shock: Voyager, Helios, and IMP 8 observations, J.
Geophys. Res., 86, 6673–6684, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA086iA08p06673, 1981. a
Burtis, W. J. and Helliwell, R. A.: Banded chorus – A new type
of VLF radiation observed in the magnetosphere by OGO 1 and OGO 3, J.
Geophys. Res., 74, 3002, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA074i011p03002, 1969. a
Cattell, C. A., Breneman, A. W., Thaller, S. A., Wygant, J. R.,
Kletzing, C. A., and Kurth, W. S.: Van Allen Probes observations of
unusually low frequency whistler mode waves observed in association with
moderate magnetic storms: Statistical study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42,
7273–7281, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065565, 2015. a
Clilverd, M. A., Rodger, C. J., and Ulich, T.: The importance of atmospheric
precipitation in storm-time relativistic electron flux drop outs, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 33, L01102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024661,
2006. a
Clilverd, M. A., Rodger, C. J., Millan, R. M., Sample, J. G., Kokorowski, M.,
McCarthy, M. P., Ulich, T., Raita, T., Kavanagh, A. J., and Spanswick, E.:
Energetic particle precipitation into the middle atmosphere triggered by a
coronal mass ejection, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 112, A12206,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012395,
2007. a, b
Douma, E., Rodger, C., Blum, L., and Clilverd, M.: Occurrence characteristics
of relativistic electron microbursts from SAMPEX observations: Occurrence of
relativistic microbursts, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
122, 8096–8107, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024067, 2017. a
Fenrich, F. R. and Luhmann, J. G.: Geomagnetic response to magnetic clouds
of different polarity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2999–3002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL51180, 1998. a
Gokani, S. A., Kosch, M., Clilverd, M., Rodger, C. J., and Sinha, A. K.: What
Fraction of the Outer Radiation Belt Relativistic Electron Flux at L = 3–4.5
Was Lost to the Atmosphere During the Dropout Event of the St. Patrick's Day
Storm of 2015?, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124,
9537–9551, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026278,
2019. a, b
Grandin, M., Kero, A., Partamies, N., McKay, D., Whiter, D.,
Kozlovsky, A., and Miyoshi, Y.: Observation of pulsating aurora
signatures in cosmic noise absorption data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44,
5292–5300, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073901, 2017. a
Hargreaves, J. K., Birch, M. J., and Evans, D. S.: On the fine structure of medium energy electron fluxes in the auroral zone and related effects in the ionospheric D-region, Ann. Geophys., 28, 1107–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1107-2010, 2010. a
Hartley, D. P., Kletzing, C. A., Santolík, O., Chen, L., and
Horne, R. B.: Statistical Properties of Plasmaspheric Hiss From Van Allen
Probes Observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123,
2605–2619, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024593, 2018. a
Hendry, A., Rodger, C., and Clilverd, M.: Evidence of sub-MeV EMIC-driven
electron precipitation: SUB-MEV EMIC PRECIPITATION, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 44, 1210–1218, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071807, 2017. a
Huttunen, K. E. J., Schwenn, R., Bothmer, V., and Koskinen, H. E. J.: Properties and geoeffectiveness of magnetic clouds in the rising, maximum and early declining phases of solar cycle 23, Ann. Geophys., 23, 625–641, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-625-2005, 2005. a
Jaynes, A. N., Baker, D. N., Singer, H. J., Rodriguez, J. V., Loto'aniu, T. M.,
Ali, A. F., Elkington, S. R., Li, X., Kanekal, S. G., Claudepierre, S. G.,
Fennell, J. F., Li, W., Thorne, R. M., Kletzing, C. A., Spence, H. E., and
Reeves, G. D.: Source and seed populations for relativistic electrons: Their
roles in radiation belt changes, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 7240–7254, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021234,
2015. a, b, c, d
Jaynes, A. N., Ali, A. F., Elkington, S. R., Malaspina, D. M., Baker,
D. N., Li, X., Kanekal, S. G., Henderson, M. G., Kletzing, C. A., and
Wygant, J. R.: Fast Diffusion of Ultrarelativistic Electrons in the Outer
Radiation Belt: 17 March 2015 Storm Event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45,
10874–10882, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079786, 2018. a, b, c
Kalliokoski, M. M. H., Kilpua, E. K. J., Osmane, A., Turner, D. L., Jaynes, A. N., Turc, L., George, H., and Palmroth, M.: Outer radiation belt and inner magnetospheric response to sheath regions of coronal mass ejections: a statistical analysis, Ann. Geophys., 38, 683–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-683-2020, 2020. a
Kanekal, S. G., Baker, D. N., Blake, J. B., Klecker, B., Mewaldt,
R. A., and Mason, G. M.: Magnetospheric response to magnetic cloud
(coronal mass ejection) events: Relativistic electron observations from
SAMPEX and Polar, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24885–24894,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA900239, 1999. a
Kavanagh, A. J., Cobbett, N., and Kirsch, P.: Radiation Belt Slot Region
Filling Events: Sustained Energetic Precipitation Into the Mesosphere,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 7999–8020,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025890, 2018. a
Kilpua, E., Koskinen, H. E. J., and Pulkkinen, T. I.: Coronal mass
ejections and their sheath regions in interplanetary space, Living Rev.
Sol. Phys., 14, 5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41116-017-0009-6, 2017. a
Kilpua, E. K. J., Li, Y., Luhmann, J. G., Jian, L. K., and Russell, C. T.: On the relationship between magnetic cloud field polarity and geoeffectiveness, Ann. Geophys., 30, 1037–1050, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1037-2012, 2012. a
Kilpua, E. K. J., Hietala, H., Turner, D. L., Koskinen, H. E. J.,
Pulkkinen, T. I., Rodriguez, J. V., Reeves, G. D., Claudepierre,
S. G., and Spence, H. E.: Unraveling the drivers of the storm time
radiation belt response, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3076–3084,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063542, 2015a. a
Kilpua, E. K. J., Lumme, E., Andreeova, K., Isavnin, A., and
Koskinen, H. E. J.: Properties and drivers of fast interplanetary shocks
near the orbit of the Earth (1995–2013), J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 4112–4125, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021138,
2015b. a
Kim, H.-J. and Chan, A. A.: Fully adiabatic changes in storm time
relativistic electron fluxes, J. Gepohys. Res., 102, 22107–22116,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA01814, 1997. a
Kletzing, C. A., Kurth, W. S., Acuna, M., MacDowall, R. J., Torbert,
R. B., Averkamp, T., Bodet, D., Bounds, S. R., Chutter, M.,
Connerney, J., Crawford, D., Dolan, J. S., Dvorsky, R.,
Hospodarsky, G. B., Howard, J., Jordanova, V., Johnson, R. A.,
Kirchner, D. L., Mokrzycki, B., Needell, G., Odom, J., Mark, D.,
Pfaff, R., Phillips, J. R., Piker, C. W., Remington, S. L.,
Rowland, D., Santolik, O., Schnurr, R., Sheppard, D., Smith, C. W.,
Thorne, R. M., and Tyler, J.: The Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument
Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) on RBSP, Space Sci. Rev., 179,
127–181, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-9993-6, 2013. a
Koons, H. C. and Roeder, J. L.: A survey of equatorial magnetospheric wave
activity between 5 and 8 RE, Planet. Space Sci., 38, 1335–1341,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(90)90136-E, 1990. a
Kovalick, T.: Public data from current and past space physics missions, available at: https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html/, last access: 25 August 2020. a
Korth, H., Thomsen, M. F., Borovsky, J. E., and McComas, D. J.: Plasma sheet
access to geosynchronous orbit, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 104, 25047–25061, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA900292,
1999. a, b
Lam, M. M., Horne, R. B., Meredith, N. P., Glauert, S. A.,
Moffat-Griffin, T., and Green, J. C.: Origin of energetic electron
precipitation >30 keV into the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A00F08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014619, 2010. a, b
Li, H., Yuan, Z., Yu, X., Huang, S., Wang, D., Wang, Z., Qiao,
Z., and Wygant, J. R.: The enhancement of cosmic radio noise absorption
due to hiss-driven energetic electron precipitation during substorms,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 5393–5407,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021113, 2015. a
Li, W., Thorne, R. M., Angelopoulos, V., Bortnik, J., Cully, C. M., Ni, B.,
LeContel, O., Roux, A., Auster, U., and Magnes, W.: Global distribution of
whistler-mode chorus waves observed on the THEMIS spacecraft, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 36, L09104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037595,
2009. a
Li, X., Baker, D. N., Temerin, M., Cayton, T. E., Reeves, E. G. D.,
Christensen, R. A., Blake, J. B., Looper, M. D., Nakamura, R., and
Kanekal, S. G.: Multisatellite observations of the outer zone electron
variation during the November 3–4, 1993, magnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res.,
102, 14123–14140, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA01101, 1997. a, b
Ma, Q., Li, W., Bortnik, J., Thorne, R. M., Chu, X., Ozeke, L. G.,
Reeves, G. D., Kletzing, C. A., Kurth, W. S., Hospodarsky, G. B.,
Engebretson, M. J., Spence, H. E., Baker, D. N., Blake, J. B.,
Fennell, J. F., and Claudepierre, S. G.: Quantitative Evaluation of
Radial Diffusion and Local Acceleration Processes During GEM Challenge
Events, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 1938–1952,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA025114, 2018. a
Maliniemi, V., Asikainen, T., Mursula, K., and Seppälä, A.:
QBO-dependent relation between electron precipitation and wintertime surface
temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 6302–6310, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50518, 2013. a
Mann, I. R., Lee, E. A., Claudepierre, S. G., Fennell, J. F.,
Degeling, A., Rae, I. J., Baker, D. N., Reeves, G. D., Spence,
H. E., Ozeke, L. G., Rankin, R., Milling, D. K., Kale, A., Friedel,
R. H. W., and Honary, F.: Discovery of the action of a geophysical
synchrotron in the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts, Nat.
Commun., 4, 2795, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3795, 2013. a
Mann, I. R., Ozeke, L. G., Murphy, K. R., Claudepierre, S. G.,
Turner, D. L., Baker, D. N., Rae, I. J., Kale, A., Milling, D. K.,
Boyd, A. J., Spence, H. E., Reeves, G. D., Singer, H. J.,
Dimitrakoudis, S., Daglis, I. A., and Honary, F.: Explaining the
dynamics of the ultra-relativistic third Van Allen radiation belt, Nat.
Phys., 12, 978–983, https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3799, 2016. a
Mathie, R. A. and Mann, I. R.: On the solar wind control of Pc5 ULF
pulsation power at mid-latitudes: Implications for MeV electron acceleration
in the outer radiation belt, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 29783–29796,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000002, 2001. a
Meredith, N. P., Thorne, R. M., Horne, R. B., Summers, D., Fraser,
B. J., and Anderson, R. R.: Statistical analysis of relativistic electron
energies for cyclotron resonance with EMIC waves observed on CRRES, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 108, 1250,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009700, 2003. a
Meredith, N. P., Horne, R. B., Glauert, S. A., Thorne, R. M.,
Summers, D., Albert, J. M., and Anderson, R. R.: Energetic outer zone
electron loss timescales during low geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 111, A05212,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011516, 2006. a
Meredith, N. P., Horne, R. B., Sicard-Piet, A., Boscher, D., Yearby, K. H., Li,
W., and Thorne, R. M.: Global model of lower band and upper band chorus from
multiple satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 117, A10225, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017978,
2012. a, b, c, d
NOAA: GOES Space Environment Monitor, available at: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/goes/index.html, last access: 25 August 2020. a
O'Brien, T. P. and Moldwin, M. B.: Empirical plasmapause models from magnetic
indices, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1152, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016007,
2003. a
Osmane, A., Wilson III, L. B., Blum, L., and Pulkkinen, T. I.: On the
Connection between Microbursts and Nonlinear Electronic Structures in
Planetary Radiation Belts, Astrophys. J., 816, 51,
https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/816/2/51, 2016. a
Partamies, N., Whiter, D., Kadokura, A., Kauristie, K., Nesse
Tyssøy, H., Massetti, S., Stauning, P., and Raita, T.: Occurrence
and average behavior of pulsating aurora, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 5606–5618, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024039, 2017. a
Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., Watt, C. E. J., Sand hu, J. K., Georgiou,
M., Degeling, A. W., Forsyth, C., Bentley, S. N., Staples, F. A., and
Shi, Q.: How Do Ultra-Low Frequency Waves Access the Inner Magnetosphere
During Geomagnetic Storms?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 10699–10709,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082395, 2019. a
Reeves, G.: Index of /data_pub, available at: https://www.rbsp-ect.lanl.gov/data_pub, last access: 25 August 2020. a
Reeves, G. D., McAdams, K. L., Friedel, R. H. W., and O'Brien, T. P.:
Acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons during geomagnetic storms,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1529, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016513, 2003. a
Reeves, G. D., Spence, H. E., Henderson, M. G., Morley, S. K., Friedel, R.
H. W., Funsten, H. O., Baker, D. N., Kanekal, S. G., Blake, J. B., Fennell,
J. F., Claudepierre, S. G., Thorne, R. M., Turner, D. L., Kletzing, C. A.,
Kurth, W. S., Larsen, B. A., and Niehof, J. T.: Electron Acceleration in the
Heart of the Van Allen Radiation Belts, Science, 341, 991–994,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237743, 2013. a
Richardson, I. G. and Cane, H. V.: Near-Earth Interplanetary Coronal
Mass Ejections During Solar Cycle 23 (1996–2009): Catalog and Summary of
Properties, Solar Phys., 264, 189–237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-010-9568-6,
2010. a
Richardson, I. and Cane, H.: Near-Earth Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections Since January 1996, available at: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ASC/DATA/level3/icmetable2.htm, last access: 25 August 2020. a
Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., Thomson, N. R., Gamble, R. J., Seppälä, A.,
Turunen, E., Meredith, N. P., Parrot, M., Sauvaud, J.-A., and Berthelier,
J.-J.: Radiation belt electron precipitation into the atmosphere: Recovery
from a geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
112, A11307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012383,
2007. a
Rodger, C. J., Carson, B. R., Cummer, S. A., Gamble, R. J., Clilverd, M. A.,
Green, J. C., Sauvaud, J.-A., Parrot, M., and Berthelier, J.-J.: Contrasting
the efficiency of radiation belt losses caused by ducted and nonducted
whistler-mode waves from ground-based transmitters, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 115, A12208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015880,
2010a. a, b
Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., Green, J. C., and Lam, M. M.: Use of POES SEM-2
observations to examine radiation belt dynamics and energetic electron
precipitation into the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A04202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA014023,
2010b. a, b
Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., SeppäLä, A., Thomson, N. R.,
Gamble, R. J., Parrot, M., Sauvaud, J.-A., and Ulich, T.: Radiation
belt electron precipitation due to geomagnetic storms: Significance to middle
atmosphere ozone chemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
115, A11320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015599, 2010. a
Rodger, C. J., Kavanagh, A. J., Clilverd, M. A., and Marple, S. R.: Comparison
between POES energetic electron precipitation observations and riometer
absorptions: Implications for determining true precipitation fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 7810–7821,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019439,
2013. a, b
Rodger, C. J., Cresswell-Moorcock, K., and Clilverd, M. A.: Nature's Grand
Experiment: Linkage between magnetospheric convection and the radiation
belts, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 171–189,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021537,
2016. a
Rodger, C. J., Turner, D. L., Clilverd, M. A., and Hendry, A. T.: Magnetic
Local Time-Resolved Examination of Radiation Belt Dynamics during High-Speed
Solar Wind Speed-Triggered Substorm Clusters, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
46, 10219–10229, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083712,
2019. a
Salminen, A., Asikainen, T., Maliniemi, V., and Mursula, K.: Effect of
Energetic Electron Precipitation on the Northern Polar Vortex: Explaining the
QBO Modulation via Control of Meridional Circulation, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 124, 5807–5821, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029296,
2019. a
Selesnick, R. S., Blake, J. B., and Mewaldt, R. A.: Atmospheric losses
of radiation belt electrons, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 108, 1468, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010160, 2003. a
Seppälä, A., Matthes, K., Randall, C. E., and Mironova, I. A.:
What is the solar influence on climate? Overview of activities during
CAWSES-II, Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 1, 24,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-014-0024-3, 2014. a
Shue, J. H., Song, P., Russell, C. T., Steinberg, J. T., Chao, J. K.,
Zastenker, G., Vaisberg, O. L., Kokubun, S., Singer, H. J., Detman,
T. R., and Kawano, H.: Magnetopause location under extreme solar wind
conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17691–17700,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98JA01103, 1998. a, b, c
Singer, H., Matheson, L., Grubb, R., Newman, A., and Bouwer, D.:
Monitoring space weather with the GOES magnetometers, in: GOES-8 and
Beyond, edited by: Washwell, E. R., Vol. 2812 of Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Denver, CO, United States,
299–308, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.254077, 1996. a
Sivadas, N., Semeter, J., Nishimura, Y., and Kero, A.: Simultaneous
Measurements of Substorm-Related Electron Energization in the Ionosphere and
the Plasma Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 10528–10547,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ja023995, 2017. a
Summers, D., Ni, B., Meredith, N. P., Horne, R. B., Thorne, R. M.,
Moldwin, M. B., and Anderson, R. R.: Electron scattering by
whistler-mode ELF hiss in plasmaspheric plumes, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 113, A04219, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012678, 2008. a
Toh, H.: Final Dst index, available at: http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dst_final/index.html, last access: 25 August 2020. a
Tsyganenko, N. A. and Sitnov, M. I.: Modeling the dynamics of the inner
magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 110, A03208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010798, 2005. a
Tu, W. and Li, X.: Adiabatic effects on radiation belt electrons at low
altitude, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 116, A09201,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016468,
2011. a
Turner, D. L., Angelopoulos, V., Li, W., Hartinger, M. D., Usanova,
M., Mann, I. R., Bortnik, J., and Shprits, Y.: On the storm-time
evolution of relativistic electron phase space density in Earth's outer
radiation belt, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118,
2196–2212, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50151, 2013. a
Turner, D. L., Angelopoulos, V., Morley, S. K., Henderson, M. G., Reeves,
G. D., Li, W., Baker, D. N., Huang, C.-L., Boyd, A., Spence, H. E.,
Claudepierre, S. G., Blake, J. B., and Rodriguez, J. V.: On the cause and
extent of outer radiation belt losses during the 30 September 2012 dropout
event, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 1530–1540,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019446,
2014. a, b, c
Turner, D. L., Kilpua, E. K. J., Hietala, H., Claudepierre, S. G.,
O'Brien, T. P., Fennell, J. F., Blake, J. B., Jaynes, A. N.,
Kanekal, S., Baker, D. N., Spence, H. E., Ripoll, J.-F., and
Reeves, G. D.: The Response of Earth's Electron Radiation Belts to
Geomagnetic Storms: Statistics From the Van Allen Probes Era Including
Effects From Different Storm Drivers, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 1013–1034, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026066, 2019.
a, b, c
Tyssoy, H. N., Haderlein, A., Sandanger, M. I., and Stadsnes, J.:
Intercomparison of the POES/MEPED Loss Cone Electron Fluxes With the CMIP6
Parametrization, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124,
628–642, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025745, 2019. a
Usanova, M. E., Drozdov, A., Orlova, K., Mann, I. R., Shprits, Y.,
Robertson, M. T., Turner, D. L., Milling, D. K., Kale, A., Baker,
D. N., Thaller, S. A., Reeves, G. D., Spence, H. E., Kletzing, C.,
and Wygant, J.: Effect of EMIC waves on relativistic and ultrarelativistic
electron populations: Ground-based and Van Allen Probes observations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1375–1381, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059024, 2014. a
Van Allen, J. A.: Observations of high intensity radiation by satellites
1958 Alpha and 1958 Gamma, in: Space Science Comes of Age: Perspectives in
the History of the Space Sciences, edited by: Hanle, P. A., Chamberlain,
V. D., and Brush, S. G., National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981, 58–73, 1981. a
Verronen, P. T., Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., and Wang, S.: First
evidence of mesospheric hydroxyl response to electron precipitation from the
radiation belts, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D07307,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014965, 2011. a
Xiao, F., Liu, S., Tao, X., Su, Z., Zhou, Q., Yang, C., He, Z.,
He, Y., Gao, Z., Baker, D. N., Spence, H. E., Reeves, G. D.,
Funsten, H. O., and Blake, J. B.: Generation of extremely low frequency
chorus in Van Allen radiation belts, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 3201–3211, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023561, 2017. a
Yuan, Z., Li, M., Xiong, Y., Li, H., Zhou, M., Wang, D., Huang, S., Deng, X.,
and Wang, J.: Simultaneous observations of precipitating radiation belt
electrons and ring current ions associated with the plasmaspheric plume,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 4391–4399,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50432,
2013. a
Short summary
We compared trapped outer radiation belt electron fluxes to high-latitude precipitating electron fluxes during two interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) with opposite magnetic cloud rotation. The electron response had many similarities and differences between the two events, indicating that different acceleration mechanisms acted. Van Allen Probe data were used for trapped electron flux measurements, and Polar Operational Environmental Satellites were used for precipitating flux data.
We compared trapped outer radiation belt electron fluxes to high-latitude precipitating electron...
