Articles | Volume 37, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-903-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-903-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Multi-point galactic cosmic ray measurements between 1 and 4.5 AU over a full solar cycle
Thomas Honig
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Olivier G. Witasse
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Hugh Evans
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Petteri Nieminen
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Erik Kuulkers
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Matt G. G. T. Taylor
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Bernd Heber
Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics,
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
Jingnan Guo
Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics,
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and
Technology of China, Hefei, China
Beatriz Sánchez-Cano
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester,
Leicester, UK
Related authors
No articles found.
Marco Pinto, André Rodrigues, Elias Roussos, Daniel Schmid, Martin Volwerk, Stavros Kotsiaros, Patrick Brown, Michele Dougherty, Luísa Arruda, and Olivier Witasse
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2055, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2055, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
Short summary
Short summary
During its flyby of the Moon and Earth, the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer crossed Earth's radiation belts and gave us a rare chance to test the Radiation Hard Electron Monitor in space. By studying how its measurements changed along the path, we showed that the instrument can clearly detect trapped electrons and protons. This gives confidence for future operations at Jupiter, where the radiation environment is far harsher and these measurements will be especially valuable.
François Poulet, Giuseppe Piccioni, Yves Langevin, Cydalise Dumesnil, Vincent Carlier, Benoit Seignovert, Marc Dexet, Leigh N. Fletcher, Cédric Leyrat, Francesca Altieri, John Carter, Emiliano D'Aversa, Maria De Sanctis, Davide Grassi, Sandrine Guerlet, Stéphane Le Mouélic, Alessandra Migliorini, Fabrizio Oliva, Clément Royer, Sébastien Rodriguez, Katrin Stephan, Federico Tosi, Francesca Zambon, Alberto Adriani, Gabriele Arnold, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Dominique Bockelée, Rosario Brunetto, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Cristian Carli, Thibault Cavalié, Miriam Cisneros González, Mauro Ciarnello, Simone De Angelis, Pierre Drossart, Gianrico Filacchione, Thierry Fouchet, Jean-Claude Gérard, Denis Grodent, Patrick Irwin, Sophie Jacquinod, Ozgur Karatekin, Emmanuel Lellouch, Nicolas Ligier, Nicolas Mangold, Magali Mebsout, Frédéric Merlin, Alessandro Morbidelli, Alessandro Mura, Andreas Nathues, Maria E. Palumbo, Cédric Pilorget, Olivier Poch, Eric Quirico, Andrea Raponi, Séverine Robert, Elias Roussos, Agustin Sanchez-Lavega, Bernard Schmitt, Giuseppe Sindoni, Marcel Snels, Roberto Sordini, Stefania Stefani, Giovanni Strazzulla, Tim Trent, Gabriel Tobie, Diego Turrini, Ann-Carine Vandaele, Mathieu Vincendon, Olivier Witasse, Claire Vallat, and Alessandro Moraino
Ann. Geophys., 44, 163–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-163-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-163-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
During the double Lunar-Earth Gravitational Assist with the ESA/JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer) spacecraft in August 2024, we acquired hyperspectral data cubes of both the Moon and Earth with the MAJIS (Moons And Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer) imaging spectrometer under challenging, real in-flight conditions. This allowed to characterize surface materials and thermophysical properties on the Moon, identify various cloud phases and gases in Earth's atmosphere, and thoroughly validate the performance of the instrument.
Martin Volwerk, Beatriz Sánchez-Cano, Daniel Heyner, Sae Aizawa, Nicolas André, Ali Varsani, Johannes Mieth, Stefano Orsini, Wolfgang Baumjohann, David Fischer, Yoshifumi Futaana, Richard Harrison, Harald Jeszenszky, Iwai Kazumasa, Gunter Laky, Herbert Lichtenegger, Anna Milillo, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Rumi Nakamura, Ferdinand Plaschke, Ingo Richter, Sebastián Rojas Mata, Yoshifumi Saito, Daniel Schmid, Daikou Shiota, and Cyril Simon Wedlund
Ann. Geophys., 39, 811–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-811-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
On 15 October 2020, BepiColombo used Venus as a gravity assist to change its orbit to reach Mercury in late 2021. During this passage of Venus, the spacecraft entered into Venus's magnetotail at a distance of 70 Venus radii from the planet. We have studied the magnetic field and plasma data and find that Venus's magnetotail is highly active. This is caused by strong activity in the solar wind, where just before the flyby a coronal mass ejection interacted with the magnetophere of Venus.
Charlotte Goetz, Herbert Gunell, Fredrik Johansson, Kristie LLera, Hans Nilsson, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, and Matthew G. G. T. Taylor
Ann. Geophys., 39, 379–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Boundaries in the plasma around comet 67P separate regions with different properties. Many have been identified, including a new boundary called an infant bow shock. Here, we investigate how the plasma and fields behave at this boundary and where it can be found. The main result is that the infant bow shock occurs at intermediate activity and intermediate distances to the comet. Most plasma parameters behave as expected; however, some inconsistencies indicate that the boundary is non-stationary.
Cited articles
Alania, M. V., Modzelewska, R., and Wawrzynczak, A.: Peculiarities of
cosmic ray modulation in the solar minimum 23/24, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 4164–4174, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019500, 2014.
Altwegg, K., Balsiger, H., Bar-Nun, A., Berthelier, J. J., Bieler, A., Bochsler, P., Briois, C., Calmonte, U., Combi, M., De Keyser, J., Eberhardt, P., Fiethe, B., Fuselier, S., Gasc, S., Gombosi, T. I., Hansen, K. C., Hässig, M., Jäckel, A., Kopp, E., Korth, A., LeRoy, L., Mall, U., Marty, B., Mousis, O., Neefs, E., Owen, T., Rème, H., Rubin, M., Sémon, T., Tzou, C. -Y., Waite, H., and Wurz, P.: 67P/ Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with
a high D/H ratio, Science, 347, 1261952, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261952, 2015.
Badruddin and Kumar, A.: Study of the Cosmic-Ray Modulation During the Passage of ICMEs and CIRs, Sol. Phys., 291, 559–580, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-015-0843-4, 2016.
Belov, A.: Large scale modulation: view from the earth, Space Sci.
Rev., 93, 79–105, 2000.
Boynton, W. V., Feldman, W. C., Mitrofanov, I. G., Evans, L. G., Reedy, R. C., Squyres, S. W., Starr, R., Trombka, J. I., D'Uston, C., Arnold, J. R.,Englert, P. A. J., Metzger, A. E., Wänke, H., Brückner, J., Drake, D. M., Shinohara, C., Fellows, C., Hamara, D. K., Harshman, K., Kerry, K., Turner, C., Ward, M., Barthe, H., Fuller, K. R., Storms, S. A., Thornton, G. W., Longmire, J. L., Litvak, M. L., and Ton'chev, A. K.: The Mars Odyssey gamma-ray spectrometer instrument suite,
Space Sci. Rev., 110, 37–83, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48600-5, 2004.
Cane, H. V, Wibberenz, G., Richardson, I. G., and von Rosenvinge, T. T.: Cosmic ray
modulation and the Solar magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 565–568, 1999.
Carslaw, K. S., Harrison, R. G., and Kirkby, J.: Cosmic Rays, Clouds, and
Climate, Science, 298, 1732–1737, 2002.
Evans, H. D. R., Bühler, P., Hajdas, W., Daly, E. J., Nieminen, P., and Mohammadzadeh, A.: Results from the ESA SREM monitors and comparison with
existing radiation belt models, Adv. Space Res., 42, 1527–1537, 2008.
Ferreira, S. E. S. and Potgieter, M. S.: Modulation over a 22-year cosmic ray
cycle: on the tilt angles of the heliospheric current sheet, Adv.
Space Res., 32, 657–662, 2003.
Frigo, E., Antonelli, F., da Silva, D. S. S., Lima, P. C. M., Pacca, I. I. G., and Bageston, J. V.: Effects of solar activity and galactic cosmic ray cycles on the modulation of the annual average temperature at two sites in southern Brazil, Ann. Geophys., 36, 555–564, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-555-2018, 2018.
Gieseler, J. and Heber, B.: Spatial gradients of GCR protons in the inner
heliosphere derived from Ulysses COSPIN/KET and PAMELA measurements, A&A,
589, A32, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527972, 2016.
Hansen, K. C., Altwegg, K., Berthelier, J.-J., Bieler, A., Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Calmonte, U., Capaccioni, F., Combi, M. R.,
de Keyser, J., Fiethe, B., Fougere, N., Fuselier, S. A., Gasc, S., Gombosi, T. I., Huang, Z., Le Roy, L., Lee, S., Nilsson, H., Rubin, M., Shou, Y., Snodgrass, C., Tenishev, V., Toth, G., Tzou, C.-Y., Wedlund, C. S., and Rosina Team: Evolution of water production of 67P/
Churyumov-Gerasimenko: an empirical model and multi-instrument study, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 462, S491–S506, 2016.
Heber, B. and Potgieter, M. S.: Galactic and anomalous cosmic rays through the Solar cycle: New insights from Ulysses, in: The Heliosphere through the Solar activity cycle, Books in astronomy and space sciences, edited by: Balogh, A., Lanzerotti, L. J., and Suess, S. T., Springer-Praxis, 2008.
Hoeksema, J. T.: The Large-Scale Structure of the Heliospheric Current Sheet
During the ULYSSES Epoch, Space Sci. Rev., 72, 137–148, 1995.
Kozai, M., Munakata, K., Kato, C., Kuwabara, T., Bieber, J. W., Evenson, P., Rockenbach, M., Dal Lago, A., Schuch, N. J., Tokumaru, M., Marcus L. Duldig, Humble, J. E., Sabbah, I., Al Jassar, H. K., Sharma, M. M., and Kóta, J.: The spatial density gradient of galactic
cosmic rays and its solar cycle variation observed with the Global Muon
Detector Network, Earth Planet. Space, 66, 151 pp., 2014.
Lüdeke, S. and Wyrwol, V.: Validation of Flux Models to Characterize the
Radiation Environment in Space Based on Current Rosetta-Data, Masters
Thesis, Oldenburg, 14 September, 2017.
McComas, D. J., Bame, S. J., Barker, P., Feldman, W. C., Phillips, J. L.,
Riley, P., and Griffee, J. W.: Solar wind electron proton alpha monitor
(SWEPAM) for the Advanced Composition Explorer, Space Sci. Rev., 86,
561–612, 1998.
Mewaldt, R., Davis, A., Lave, K., Leske, R., Stone, E., Wiedenbeck, M., Binns
W., Christian, E., Cummings, A., De Nolfo, G., Israel, M., Labrador, A., and Von Rosenvinge, T.: Record setting cosmic ray intensities in 2009 and 2010,
Astronphys. J. Lett., 723, L1–L6, https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/723/1/L1, 2010.
Mishra, V. K. and Mishra, A. P.: Study of solar activity and cosmic ray modulation during Solar Cycle 24 in comparison to previous solar cycle, Indian J. Phys., 90, 1333–1339, 2016.
Mohammadzadeh, A., Evans, H., Nieminen, P., Daly, E.,
Vuilleumier, P., Buhler, P., Eggel, C., Hajdas, W.,
Schlumpf, N., Zehnder, A., Schneider, J., and Fear, R.: The ESA standard radiation environment monitor program: first results from
PROBA-I and INTEGRAL, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 50, 2272–2277, 2003.
Moraal, H.: Cosmic-ray modulation equations, Space Sci. Rev., 176, 299–319, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9819-3, 2013.
Pierce, J.: Cosmic rays, aerosols, clouds, and climate: Recent findings from
the CLOUD experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
122, 8051–8055, 2017.
Potgieter, M. S.: Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays, Living Rev. Sol. Phys., 10, 3, https://doi.org/10.12942/lrsp-2013-3, 2013.
Potgieter, M. S., Burger, R. A., and Ferreira, S. E. S.: Modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere from Solar minimum to maximum: A theoretical perspective, Space Sci. Rev., 97, 295–307, 2001.
Rotundi, A., Della Corte, V., Fulle, M., Ferrari, M., Sordini, R., Ivanovski, Stavro, Accolla, M., Lucarelli, F., Zakharov, V., Mazzotta Epifani, E., López-Moreno, J. J., Rodríguez, J., Colangeli, L., Palumbo, P.,
Bussoletti, E. Crifo, J.-F., Esposito, F., Green, S. F., Grün, E., and
Lamy, P. L.: Dust measurements in the coma of comet
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko inbound to the sun, Science, 347, aaa3905, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa3905, 2015.
Sánchez-Cano, B., Hall, B. E. S., Lester, M., Mays, M. L., Witasse, O., Ambrosi, R., Andrews, D., Cartacci, M., Cicchetti, A., Holmström, M., Imber, S., Kajdič, P., Milan, S. E., Noschese, R., Odstrcil, D., Opgenoorth, H., Plaut, J., Ramstad, R., and Reyes-Ayala, K. I.: Mars plasma system response to Solar wind disturbances
during Solar minimum, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 6611–6634, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023587, 2017.
Sánchez-Cano, B., Witasse, O., Lester, M., Rahmati, A., Ambrosi, R., Lillis, R., Leblanc, F., Blelly, P.-L., Costa, M., Cowley, S. W. H., Espley, J. R., Milan, S. E., Plaut, J. J., Lee, C., and Larson, D.: Energetic particle showers over Mars from
comet C/2013 A1 Siding Spring, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 8778–8796, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025454, 2018.
Smith, C. W., L'Heureux, J., Ness, N. F., Acuña, M. H., Burlaga, L. F.,
and Scheifele, J.: The ACE Magnetic Fields Experiment, Space Sci. Rev., 86,
613–632, 1998.
Snodgrass, C., Jehin, E., Manfroid, J., Opitom, C., Fitzsimmons, A., Tozzi, G. P., Faggi, S., Yang, B., Knight, M. M., Conn, B. C., Lister, T., Hainaut, O., Bramich, D. M., Lowry, S. C., Rozek, A., Tubiana, C., and Guilbert-Lepoutre, A.: Distant activity of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014:
Ground-based results during the Rosetta pre-landing phase, A&A,
588, A80, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527834, 2016.
Stone, E. C., Frandsen, A. M., Mewaldt, R. A., Christian, E. R., Margolies,
D., Ormes, J. F., and Snow, F.: The Advanced Com- position Explorer, Space
Sci. Rev., 86, 1–22, 1998.
Tubiana, C., Snodgrass, C., Bertini, I., Mottola, S., Vincent, J.-B., Lara, L., Fornasier, S., Knollenberg, J., Thomas, N., Fulle, M., Agarwal, J., Bodewits, D., Ferri, F., Güttler, C., Gutierrez, P. J., La Forgia, F., Lowry, S., Magrin, S., Oklay, N., Pajola, M., Rodrigo, R., Sierks, H., A'Hearn, M. F., Angrilli, F., Barbieri, C., Barucci, M. A., Bertaux, J.-L., Cremonese, G., Da Deppo, V., Davidsson, B., De Cecco, M., Debei, S., Groussin, O., Hviid, S. F., Ip, W., Jorda, L., Keller, H. U., Koschny, D.,
Kramm, R., Kührt, E., Küppers, M., Lazzarin, M., Lamy, P. L., Lopez Moreno, J. J., Marzari, F., Michalik, H., Naletto, G., Rickman, H.,
Sabau, L., Wenzel, K. -P.: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: Activity between March and
June 2014 as observed from Rosetta/OSIRIS, A&A, 573, A62, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424735, 2015.
Utomo, Y. S.: Correlation analysis of Solar constant, Solar activity and
cosmic ray, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 817, 012045, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/817/1/012045, 2017.
Vos, E. E. and Potgieter, M. S.: Global gradients for cosmic-ray protons in
the heliosphere during the Solar minimum of cycle 23/24, Solar Physics,
291, 2181–2195, 2016.
Webber, W. R. and Lockwood, J. A.: An observation of a heliospheric magnetic
cycle dependence for the integral radial gradient of E > 60 MeV
cosmic rays, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15899–15905, 1991.
Witasse, O., Sánchez-Cano, B., Mays, M. L., Kajdič, P., Opgenoorth, H., Elliott, H. A., Richardson, I. G., Zouganelis, I., Zender, J., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F., Turc, L., Taylor, M. G. G. T., Roussos, E., Rouillard, A., Richter, I., Richardson, J. D., Ramstad, R., Provan, G., Posner, A., Plaut, J. J., Odstrcil, D., Nilsson, H., Niemenen, P., Milan, S. E., Mandt, K., Lohf, H., Lester, M., Lebreton, J. -P., Kuulkers, E., Krupp, N., Koenders, C., James, M. K., Intzekara, D., Holmstrom, M., Hassler, D. M., Hall, B. E. S., Guo, J., Goldstein, R., Goetz, C., Glassmeier, K. H., Génot, V., Evans, H., Espley, J., Edberg, N. J. T., Dougherty, M., Cowley, S. W. H., Burch, J., Behar, E., Barabash, S., Andrews, D. J., and Altobelli, N.: Interplanetary coronal mass ejection observed at STEREO-A, Mars, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Saturn, and New Horizons en
route to Pluto: Comparison of its Forbush decreases at 1.4, 3.1, and 9.9 AU,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 7865–7890, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023884,
2017.
Zeitlin, C., Boynton, W., Mitrofanov, I., Hassler, D., Atwell, W., Cleghorn, T. F., Cucinotta, F. A., Dayeh, M., Desai, M., Guetersloh, S. B., Kozarev, K., Lee, K. T., Pinsky, L., Saganti, P., Schwadron, N. A., and Turner, R.: Mars Odyssey measurements of galactic cosmic rays and
solar particles in Mars orbit, 2002–2008, Space Weather, 8,
S00E06, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009SW000563, 2010.
Short summary
We analysed data from radiation monitors aboard different spacecraft such as Rosetta and Integral. From the data, we extracted the evolution of galactic cosmic rays as a function of time (over a full solar cycle) and position (from 1 to 4.5 AU). In the main results, we confirm the overall evolution (anti-correlation) of the fluxes with respect to the solar activity. We found a surprising result, which is a decrease in the flux of galactic cosmic rays around comet 67P.
We analysed data from radiation monitors aboard different spacecraft such as Rosetta and...