Articles | Volume 37, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-903-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-903-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
25 Sep 2019
Regular paper |
| 25 Sep 2019
| 25 Sep 2019
Multi-point galactic cosmic ray measurements between 1 and 4.5 AU over a full solar cycle
Thomas Honig
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Olivier G. Witasse
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Hugh Evans
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Petteri Nieminen
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Erik Kuulkers
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Matt G. G. T. Taylor
ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, the Netherlands
Bernd Heber
Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics,
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
Jingnan Guo
Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics,
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and
Technology of China, Hefei, China
Beatriz Sánchez-Cano
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester,
Leicester, UK
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Cited
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Impact of Space Radiation on Brains of Future Martian and Lunar Explorers Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003470
- In-flight calibration of RADEM, the JUICE mission radiation monitor M. Pinto et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202558601
- Variation in Cosmic-Ray Intensity Lags Sunspot Number: Implications of Late Opening of Solar Magnetic Field Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5896
- Modeling the Radiation Environment of Energetic Particles at Mars Orbit and a First Validation against TGO Measurements W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acce3c
- Long- and Short-term Variability of Galactic Cosmic-Ray Radial Intensity Gradients between 1 and 9.5 au: Observations by Cassini, BESS, BESS-Polar, PAMELA, and AMS-02 E. Roussos et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc346
- BepiColombo cruise science: overview of the mission contribution to heliophysics B. Sánchez-Cano et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02256-z
- Cutoff Rigidities, Galactic Cosmic Ray Flux, and Heavy Ion Detections at Jupiter M. Enghoff et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JE008085
- A Comprehensive Comparison of Various Galactic Cosmic-Ray Models to the State-of-the-art Particle and Radiation Measurements W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad18ad
- Radiation environment for future human exploration on the surface of Mars: the current understanding based on MSL/RAD dose measurements J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-021-00136-5
- Galactic cosmic ray modulation at Mars and beyond measured with EDACs on Mars Express and Rosetta E. Knutsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140767
- Solar Energetic Particle Events Detected in the Housekeeping Data of the European Space Agency's Spacecraft Flotilla in the Solar System B. Sánchez‐Cano et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003540
- INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system E. Kuulkers et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629
- Venus's induced magnetosphere during active solar wind conditions at BepiColombo's Venus 1 flyby M. Volwerk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-811-2021
- Particle radiation environment in the heliosphere: Status, limitations, and recommendations J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2024.03.070
- The Two-step Forbush Decrease: A Tale of Two Substructures Modulating Galactic Cosmic Rays within Coronal Mass Ejections M. Janvier et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2b9b
- Observations of neutron radiation environment during Odyssey cruise to Mars M. Litvak et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2021.03.003
- Numerical modeling of mapping of Martian epithermal neutron emission: Applications to FREND investigation onboard ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter I. Mitrofanov et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166997
- The BepiColombo Environment Radiation Monitor, BERM M. Pinto et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-022-00922-2
- Observations of a Solar Energetic Particle Event From Inside and Outside the Coma of Comet 67P A. Wellbrock et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030398
- Galactic Cosmic Rays at Mars and Venus: Temporal Variations from Hours to Decades Measured as the Background Signal of Onboard Microchannel Plates Y. Futaana et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9a49
- The JUICE Radiation Environment Monitor, RADEM W. Hajdas et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-025-01163-9
- Directionality of the Martian Surface Radiation and Derivation of the Upward Albedo Radiation J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093912
- From the Top of Martian Olympus to Deep Craters and Beneath: Mars Radiation Environment Under Different Atmospheric and Regolith Depths J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE007157
- Future opportunities in solar system plasma science through ESA’s exploration programme M. Holmstrom et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-024-00373-9
- Radiation Effects in the Inner Heliosphere With BepiColombo M. Pinto et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3556814
- Coordinated Ionospheric Reconstruction CubeSat Experiment (CIRCE), In situ and Remote Ionospheric Sensing (IRIS) suite G. Attrill et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020066
- Galactic cosmic rays at 0.7 A.U. with Venus Express housekeeping data T. Rimbot et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2024.105867
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Impact of Space Radiation on Brains of Future Martian and Lunar Explorers Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003470
- In-flight calibration of RADEM, the JUICE mission radiation monitor M. Pinto et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202558601
- Variation in Cosmic-Ray Intensity Lags Sunspot Number: Implications of Late Opening of Solar Magnetic Field Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5896
- Modeling the Radiation Environment of Energetic Particles at Mars Orbit and a First Validation against TGO Measurements W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acce3c
- Long- and Short-term Variability of Galactic Cosmic-Ray Radial Intensity Gradients between 1 and 9.5 au: Observations by Cassini, BESS, BESS-Polar, PAMELA, and AMS-02 E. Roussos et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc346
- BepiColombo cruise science: overview of the mission contribution to heliophysics B. Sánchez-Cano et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02256-z
- Cutoff Rigidities, Galactic Cosmic Ray Flux, and Heavy Ion Detections at Jupiter M. Enghoff et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JE008085
- A Comprehensive Comparison of Various Galactic Cosmic-Ray Models to the State-of-the-art Particle and Radiation Measurements W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad18ad
- Radiation environment for future human exploration on the surface of Mars: the current understanding based on MSL/RAD dose measurements J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-021-00136-5
- Galactic cosmic ray modulation at Mars and beyond measured with EDACs on Mars Express and Rosetta E. Knutsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140767
- Solar Energetic Particle Events Detected in the Housekeeping Data of the European Space Agency's Spacecraft Flotilla in the Solar System B. Sánchez‐Cano et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003540
- INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system E. Kuulkers et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629
- Venus's induced magnetosphere during active solar wind conditions at BepiColombo's Venus 1 flyby M. Volwerk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-811-2021
- Particle radiation environment in the heliosphere: Status, limitations, and recommendations J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2024.03.070
- The Two-step Forbush Decrease: A Tale of Two Substructures Modulating Galactic Cosmic Rays within Coronal Mass Ejections M. Janvier et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2b9b
- Observations of neutron radiation environment during Odyssey cruise to Mars M. Litvak et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2021.03.003
- Numerical modeling of mapping of Martian epithermal neutron emission: Applications to FREND investigation onboard ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter I. Mitrofanov et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166997
- The BepiColombo Environment Radiation Monitor, BERM M. Pinto et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-022-00922-2
- Observations of a Solar Energetic Particle Event From Inside and Outside the Coma of Comet 67P A. Wellbrock et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030398
- Galactic Cosmic Rays at Mars and Venus: Temporal Variations from Hours to Decades Measured as the Background Signal of Onboard Microchannel Plates Y. Futaana et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9a49
- The JUICE Radiation Environment Monitor, RADEM W. Hajdas et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-025-01163-9
- Directionality of the Martian Surface Radiation and Derivation of the Upward Albedo Radiation J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093912
- From the Top of Martian Olympus to Deep Craters and Beneath: Mars Radiation Environment Under Different Atmospheric and Regolith Depths J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE007157
- Future opportunities in solar system plasma science through ESA’s exploration programme M. Holmstrom et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-024-00373-9
- Radiation Effects in the Inner Heliosphere With BepiColombo M. Pinto et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3556814
- Coordinated Ionospheric Reconstruction CubeSat Experiment (CIRCE), In situ and Remote Ionospheric Sensing (IRIS) suite G. Attrill et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020066
- Galactic cosmic rays at 0.7 A.U. with Venus Express housekeeping data T. Rimbot et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2024.105867
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 Jun 2026
Short summary
We analysed data from radiation monitors aboard different spacecraft such as Rosetta and Integral. From the data, we extracted the evolution of galactic cosmic rays as a function of time (over a full solar cycle) and position (from 1 to 4.5 AU). In the main results, we confirm the overall evolution (anti-correlation) of the fluxes with respect to the solar activity. We found a surprising result, which is a decrease in the flux of galactic cosmic rays around comet 67P.
We analysed data from radiation monitors aboard different spacecraft such as Rosetta and...
