Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 37, issue 6
Articles | Volume 37, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1197-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1197-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 37, issue 6
Review paper
 | Highlight paper
 | 
19 Dec 2019
Review paper | Highlight paper |  | 19 Dec 2019

Terrestrial ion escape and relevant circulation in space

Masatoshi Yamauchi

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Short summary
Terrestrial ion transport and total escape are synthesized, with stress on the high-latitude polar region and the inner magnetosphere where Custer significantly improved knowledge. After estimating the outflow flux and destinations, complicated ion dynamics in the inner magnetosphere was classified and summarized, through which more than half the O+ is finally lost to space. Together with direct escapes, total O+ escape is high enough to influence the evolution of the biosphere.
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