The Earth's atmosphere can support various types of global-scale waves. Some waves propagate eastward and others westward, and they can have different zonal wavenumbers. The Fourier–wavelet analysis is a useful technique for identifying different components of global-scale waves and their temporal variability. This paper introduces an easy-to-implement method to derive Fourier–wavelet spectra from 2-D space–time data. Application examples are presented using atmospheric models.

The in-depth study of the ionospheric electron density profile contributes significantly to our understanding of the ionosphere, its dynamic nature and characteristics of radio wave for telecommunication. it was observed that the results from Ilorin and Fortaleza are similar and that of Jicamarca are different from those of other two stations. This is the second time in our studies that two stations from different latitude will be presented as being having similar profile.

To study long-term trends in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (70–100 km), we established two summer length definitions and analyzed the variability over the years (2004–2020). After the analysis, we found significant trends in the summer beginning of one definition. Furthermore, we were able to extend one of the time series up to 31 years and obtained evidence of non-uniform trends and periodicities similar to those known for the quasi-biennial oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation.

The MLE and ApEn values of the D_st indicate that chaotic and dynamical complexity responses are high during minor geomagnetic storms, reduce at moderate geomagnetic storms and decline further during major geomagnetic storms. However, the MLE and ApEn values obtained from solar wind electric field (VB_s) indicate that chaotic and dynamical complexity responses are high with no significant difference between the periods that are associated with minor, moderate and major geomagnetic storms.

We present the dynamics of perturbations during a solar eclipse using rare parameters for eclipse study. Reduction in solar radiation and natural gas heating are the cause of the observed changes. The use of the bottomside F-layer parameters to probe the topside ionosphere established their interrelationship. The implication is that eclipse-caused perturbation could be better explained using some ionosonde parameters.