Articles | Volume 34, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-999-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-999-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Ionospheric tomography by gradient-enhanced kriging with STEC measurements and ionosonde characteristics
David Minkwitz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany
Karl Gerald van den Boogaart
Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Division of Modelling and Evaluation, Halsbruecker Str. 34, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Prueferstr. 9, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Tatjana Gerzen
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany
Mainul Hoque
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany
Manuel Hernández-Pajares
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Departement of Applied Mathematics IV, Jordi Girona 1–3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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We extend the kriging of the ionospheric electron density with slant total electron content (STEC) measurements based on a spatial covariance to kriging with a spatial–temporal covariance and develop a novel tomography approach by gradient-enhanced kriging assimilating STEC and F2 layer characteristics. The methods are cross-validated with independent measurements and point out the potential compensation for the often observed bias in the estimation of the F2 layer peak height.
We extend the kriging of the ionospheric electron density with slant total electron content...