Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 34, issue 11
Articles | Volume 34, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-999-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-999-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Articles | Volume 34, issue 11
Regular paper
 | 
14 Nov 2016
Regular paper |  | 14 Nov 2016

Ionospheric tomography by gradient-enhanced kriging with STEC measurements and ionosonde characteristics

David Minkwitz, Karl Gerald van den Boogaart, Tatjana Gerzen, Mainul Hoque, and Manuel Hernández-Pajares

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Short summary
We extend the kriging of the ionospheric electron density with slant total electron content (STEC) measurements based on a spatial covariance to kriging with a spatial–temporal covariance and develop a novel tomography approach by gradient-enhanced kriging assimilating STEC and F2 layer characteristics. The methods are cross-validated with independent measurements and point out the potential compensation for the often observed bias in the estimation of the F2 layer peak height.
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