Ionospheric tomography by gradient-enhanced kriging with STEC measurements and ionosonde characteristics

Minkwitz, David; van den Boogaart, Karl Gerald; Gerzen, Tatjana; Hoque, Mainul; Hernández-Pajares, Manuel

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-999-2016

Articles | Volume 34, issue 11

https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-999-2016

© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-999-2016

© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 34, issue 11

Regular paper

|

14 Nov 2016

Regular paper |

| 14 Nov 2016

Ionospheric tomography by gradient-enhanced kriging with STEC measurements and ionosonde characteristics

David Minkwitz, Karl Gerald van den Boogaart, Tatjana Gerzen, Mainul Hoque, and Manuel Hernández-Pajares

Data sets

Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Receiver Independent Exchange Format (RINEX) files CDDIS http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov

National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ionosonde Standard Archiving Output (SAO) files NGDC ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/

Short summary

We extend the kriging of the ionospheric electron density with slant total electron content (STEC) measurements based on a spatial covariance to kriging with a spatial–temporal covariance and develop a novel tomography approach by gradient-enhanced kriging assimilating STEC and F2 layer characteristics. The methods are cross-validated with independent measurements and point out the potential compensation for the often observed bias in the estimation of the F2 layer peak height.