Articles | Volume 44, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-795-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-795-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
21 Aug 2026
Regular paper |
| 21 Aug 2026
| 21 Aug 2026
Juice/SWI during the Lunar-Earth-Gravity-Assist (LEGA) – Part 3: Observations of the Earth as calibration target
Christopher Jarchow
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Ladislav Rezac
Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Paul Hartogh
Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Ali Schulz-Ravanbakhsh
Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Thibault Cavalié
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LAB, UMR 5804, 33600 Pessac, France
Fabrice Herpin
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LAB, UMR 5804, 33600 Pessac, France
Raphael Moreno
LIRA – Laboratoire d'Instrumentation et de Recherche en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, 5, place Jule Janssen – 92195 MEUDON CEDEX, France
Axel Murk
Univ. Bern, Institute of Applied Physics, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
Related authors
Paul Hartogh, Ladislav Rezac, Thibault Cavalié, Christopher Jarchow, Raphael Moreno, Ali Schulz-Ravanbakhsh, Alberto Carrasco Gallardo, Borys Dabrowski, Samuel Goodyear, Miriam Rengel, Fabrice Herpin, Yasuko Kasai, Mikko Kotiranta, Emmanuel Lellouch, Axel Murk, Michael Olberg, Slawomira Szutowicz, and Eva Wirström
Ann. Geophys., 44, 645–654, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-645-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-645-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an introduction and overview about the initial Submillimetre Wave Instrument (SWI) characterization, operation, and in-flight calibration during the Lunar Earth Gravity Assist (LEGA) campaign of the Juice (Jupiter icy moons) spacecraft. A preliminary analysis on the frequency calibration is provided. For detailed analyses on total power and beam calibration and the observation and operations planning we refer to three other SWI papers prepared for this special issue of Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
Thibault Cavalié, Raphael Moreno, Ladislav Rezac, Fabrice Herpin, Christopher Jarchow, Paul Hartogh, Alberto Carrasco Gallardo, Samuel Goodyear, Pierre Mancini, Ali Schulz-Ravanbakhsh, Borys Dabrowski, Yasuko Kasai, Emmanuel Lellouch, Axel Murk, Donal Murtagh, Michael Olberg, Miriam Rengel, Hideo Sagawa, Slawomira Szutowicz, and Eva Wirström
Ann. Geophys., 44, 461–487, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-461-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-461-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Submillimetre Wave Instrument (SWI) aboard the Juice mission is a sophisticated and first-of-its-kind payload. SWI is designed to support the diverse science objectives of the Juice mission targeting Jupiter's middle atmosphere, icy-moon's exospheres as well as near sub-surface thermophysical properties. This presents significant planning, operations and commanding challenges which are described in this paper in the context of the Lunar and Earth Gravity Assist (LEGA).
Raphael Moreno, Ladislav Rezac, Tomáš Formánek, Thibault Cavalié, Christopher Jarchow, Emmanuel Lellouch, Paul Hartogh, Axel Murk, Mikko Kotiranta, Alberto Carrasco Gallardo, Samuel Goodyear, Ali Schulz-Ravanbakhsh, Borys Dabrowski, Fabrice Herpin, Yasuko Kasai, Donal Murtagh, Michael Olberg, Miriam Rengel, Hideo Sagawa, Slawomira Szutowicz, and Eva Wirström
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2064, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Submillimetre Wave Instrument (SWI) onboard the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) spacecraft consists of a 29 cm antenna and two radio receivers operating at submillimeter wavelength. This instrument is designed to study Jupiter's atmosphere and the thin atmospheres of its moons.
We used Earth observations obtained during the Lunar-Earth-Gravity-Assist (LEGA) . This data analysis allows us to characterise the antenna beam and pointing corrections.
Paul Hartogh, Ladislav Rezac, Thibault Cavalié, Christopher Jarchow, Raphael Moreno, Ali Schulz-Ravanbakhsh, Alberto Carrasco Gallardo, Borys Dabrowski, Samuel Goodyear, Miriam Rengel, Fabrice Herpin, Yasuko Kasai, Mikko Kotiranta, Emmanuel Lellouch, Axel Murk, Michael Olberg, Slawomira Szutowicz, and Eva Wirström
Ann. Geophys., 44, 645–654, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-645-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-645-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an introduction and overview about the initial Submillimetre Wave Instrument (SWI) characterization, operation, and in-flight calibration during the Lunar Earth Gravity Assist (LEGA) campaign of the Juice (Jupiter icy moons) spacecraft. A preliminary analysis on the frequency calibration is provided. For detailed analyses on total power and beam calibration and the observation and operations planning we refer to three other SWI papers prepared for this special issue of Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
Thibault Cavalié, Raphael Moreno, Ladislav Rezac, Fabrice Herpin, Christopher Jarchow, Paul Hartogh, Alberto Carrasco Gallardo, Samuel Goodyear, Pierre Mancini, Ali Schulz-Ravanbakhsh, Borys Dabrowski, Yasuko Kasai, Emmanuel Lellouch, Axel Murk, Donal Murtagh, Michael Olberg, Miriam Rengel, Hideo Sagawa, Slawomira Szutowicz, and Eva Wirström
Ann. Geophys., 44, 461–487, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-461-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-461-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Submillimetre Wave Instrument (SWI) aboard the Juice mission is a sophisticated and first-of-its-kind payload. SWI is designed to support the diverse science objectives of the Juice mission targeting Jupiter's middle atmosphere, icy-moon's exospheres as well as near sub-surface thermophysical properties. This presents significant planning, operations and commanding challenges which are described in this paper in the context of the Lunar and Earth Gravity Assist (LEGA).
Witali Krochin, Axel Murk, and Gunter Stober
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2364, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2364, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
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This manuscript presents measurements of the microwave emission spectra of oxygen. These spectra depend strongly on the geomagnetic field, since oxygen's magnetic dipole couples to it what produces measurable spectral shifts. The interaction is analyzed in detail, including observation geometry and polarization. Using the relation between magnetic field and spectral characteristics, a method is proposed for remote monitoring of geomagnetic variations.
Raphael Moreno, Ladislav Rezac, Tomáš Formánek, Thibault Cavalié, Christopher Jarchow, Emmanuel Lellouch, Paul Hartogh, Axel Murk, Mikko Kotiranta, Alberto Carrasco Gallardo, Samuel Goodyear, Ali Schulz-Ravanbakhsh, Borys Dabrowski, Fabrice Herpin, Yasuko Kasai, Donal Murtagh, Michael Olberg, Miriam Rengel, Hideo Sagawa, Slawomira Szutowicz, and Eva Wirström
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2064, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Submillimetre Wave Instrument (SWI) onboard the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) spacecraft consists of a 29 cm antenna and two radio receivers operating at submillimeter wavelength. This instrument is designed to study Jupiter's atmosphere and the thin atmospheres of its moons.
We used Earth observations obtained during the Lunar-Earth-Gravity-Assist (LEGA) . This data analysis allows us to characterise the antenna beam and pointing corrections.
Witali Krochin, Axel Murk, Andres Luder, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 2103–2123, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2103-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2103-2026, 2026
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In this manuscript a new fully polarimetric radiometer for ground-based temperature sounding, TEMPERA-C (Campaign Temperature Radiometer), is presented. The advantages of the fully polarimetric approach are discussed, and a fully polarimetric calibration method is described in detail. The final measurements and the continuous series of temperature retrievals from the high altitude research station on the Jungfraujoch are also shown in this manuscript.
Adrianos Filinis, Alistair Bell, Axel Murk, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 1783–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1783-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1783-2026, 2026
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Water vapor is an essential climate variable in the Earth's atmosphere and plays an important role in the radiative balance, serving as the most significant greenhouse gas in the upper troposphere. Hence, high-quality and continuous measurements are required. In this paper, we present the breadboard design of a newly developed radiometer, which will retrieve vertical profiles of middle atmospheric water vapor.
François Poulet, Giuseppe Piccioni, Yves Langevin, Cydalise Dumesnil, Vincent Carlier, Benoit Seignovert, Marc Dexet, Leigh N. Fletcher, Cédric Leyrat, Francesca Altieri, John Carter, Emiliano D'Aversa, Maria De Sanctis, Davide Grassi, Sandrine Guerlet, Stéphane Le Mouélic, Alessandra Migliorini, Fabrizio Oliva, Clément Royer, Sébastien Rodriguez, Katrin Stephan, Federico Tosi, Francesca Zambon, Alberto Adriani, Gabriele Arnold, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Dominique Bockelée, Rosario Brunetto, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Cristian Carli, Thibault Cavalié, Miriam Cisneros González, Mauro Ciarnello, Simone De Angelis, Pierre Drossart, Gianrico Filacchione, Thierry Fouchet, Jean-Claude Gérard, Denis Grodent, Patrick Irwin, Sophie Jacquinod, Ozgur Karatekin, Emmanuel Lellouch, Nicolas Ligier, Nicolas Mangold, Magali Mebsout, Frédéric Merlin, Alessandro Morbidelli, Alessandro Mura, Andreas Nathues, Maria E. Palumbo, Cédric Pilorget, Olivier Poch, Eric Quirico, Andrea Raponi, Séverine Robert, Elias Roussos, Agustin Sanchez-Lavega, Bernard Schmitt, Giuseppe Sindoni, Marcel Snels, Roberto Sordini, Stefania Stefani, Giovanni Strazzulla, Tim Trent, Gabriel Tobie, Diego Turrini, Ann-Carine Vandaele, Mathieu Vincendon, Olivier Witasse, Claire Vallat, and Alessandro Moraino
Ann. Geophys., 44, 163–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-163-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-163-2026, 2026
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During the double Lunar-Earth Gravitational Assist with the ESA/JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer) spacecraft in August 2024, we acquired hyperspectral data cubes of both the Moon and Earth with the MAJIS (Moons And Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer) imaging spectrometer under challenging, real in-flight conditions. This allowed to characterize surface materials and thermophysical properties on the Moon, identify various cloud phases and gases in Earth's atmosphere, and thoroughly validate the performance of the instrument.
Patrick Eriksson, Anders Emrich, Kalle Kempe, Johan Riesbeck, Alhassan Aljarosha, Olivier Auriacombe, Joakim Kugelberg, Enne Hekma, Roland Albers, Axel Murk, Søren Møller Pedersen, Laurenz John, Jan Stake, Peter McEvoy, Bengt Rydberg, Adam Dybbroe, Anke Thoss, Alessio Canestri, Christophe Accadia, Paolo Colucci, Daniele Gherardi, and Ville Kangas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4709–4729, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4709-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4709-2025, 2025
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The Arctic Weather Satellite (AWS), developed by the European Space Agency, highlights a new approach in satellite design, aiming to expand the network of operational microwave sensors cost-effectively. Launched in August 2024, AWS features a 19-channel microwave cross-track radiometer. Notably, it introduces groundbreaking channels at 325.15 GHz. In addition, AWS acts as the stepping stone to a suggested constellation of satellites, denoted as EUMETSAT Polar System Sterna.
Alistair Bell, Axel Murk, and Gunter Stober
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1396, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1396, 2025
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Increases in middle atmospheric water vapour from the 2022 Hunga eruption have been measured worldwide. This study uses remote sensing measurements at two latitudes and accurate radiative transfer modeling to show significant long-wave heating effects. Though minimal at the surface, the water vapour enhancement can alter middle-atmospheric dynamics, potentially affecting ozone chemistry and weather patterns.
Alistair Bell, Eric Sauvageat, Gunter Stober, Klemens Hocke, and Axel Murk
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 555–567, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-555-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-555-2025, 2025
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Hardware and software developments have been made on a 22 GHz microwave radiometer for the measurement of middle-atmospheric water vapour near Bern, Switzerland. Previous measurements dating back to 2010 have been re-calibrated and an improved optimal estimation retrieval performed on these measurements, giving a 13-year dataset. Measurements made with new and improved instrumental hardware are used to correct previous measurements, which show better agreement than the non-corrected dataset.
Witali Krochin, Axel Murk, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5015–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5015-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5015-2024, 2024
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Atmospheric tides are global-scale oscillations with periods of a fraction of a day. Their observation in the middle atmosphere is challenging and rare, as it requires continuous measurements with a high temporal resolution. In this paper, temperature time series of a ground-based microwave radiometer were analyzed with a spectral filter to derive thermal tide amplitudes and phases in an altitude range of 25–50 km at the geographical locations of Payerne and Bern (Switzerland).
Eric Sauvageat, Klemens Hocke, Eliane Maillard Barras, Shengyi Hou, Quentin Errera, Alexander Haefele, and Axel Murk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7321–7345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7321-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7321-2023, 2023
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In Switzerland, two microwave radiometers can measure continuous ozone profiles in the middle atmosphere. From these instruments, we can study the diurnal variation of ozone, which is difficult to observe otherwise. It is valuable to validate the model simulations of diurnal variations in this region. We present results obtained during the last decade and compare them against various models. For the first time, we also show that the winter diurnal variations have some short-term fluctuations.
Eric Sauvageat, Eliane Maillard Barras, Klemens Hocke, Alexander Haefele, and Axel Murk
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6395–6417, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6395-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6395-2022, 2022
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We present new harmonized ozone time series from two ground-based microwave radiometers in Switzerland. The new series consist of hourly ozone profiles in the middle atmosphere (~ 20–70 km) from 2009 until 2021. Cross-validation of the new data series shows the benefit of the harmonization process compared to the previous versions. Comparisons with collocated satellite observations is used to further validate these time series for long-term ozone monitoring over central Europe.
Witali Krochin, Francisco Navas-Guzmán, David Kuhl, Axel Murk, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2231–2249, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2231-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2231-2022, 2022
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This study leverages atmospheric temperature measurements performed with a ground-based radiometer making use of data that was collected during a 4-year observational campaign applying a new retrieval algorithm that improves the maximal altitude range from 45 to 55 km. The measurements are validated against two independent data sets, MERRA2 reanalysis data and the meteorological analysis of NAVGEM-HA.
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Short summary
The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer is a spacecraft sent towards Jupiter to perform detailed observations of the giant gas planet & its Galilean satellites. The Submillimetre Wave Instrument onboard this spacecraft is a newly built instrument, which first of all has to demonstrate proper performance before the observed data can be trusted. Using the Earth as a well-known observation target, proper functionality of this instrument has been verified during the Lunar Earth Gravity Assist in August 2024.
The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer is a spacecraft sent towards Jupiter to perform detailed...
