Articles | Volume 44, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-163-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-44-163-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular paper
| 
03 Mar 2026
Regular paper |
| 03 Mar 2026
| 03 Mar 2026
ESA/JUICE encounters Earth/Moon in 2024: overview of the Moons And Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer (MAJIS) observations
François Poulet
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Giuseppe Piccioni
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Yves Langevin
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Cydalise Dumesnil
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Vincent Carlier
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
LAB, CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Benoit Seignovert
LPG, UMR-CNRS 6112, OSUNA, Nantes Université, 44322 Nantes CEDEX, France
Marc Dexet
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Leigh N. Fletcher
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Cédric Leyrat
LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 92195 Meudon CEDEX, France
Francesca Altieri
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
John Carter
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Emiliano D'Aversa
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Maria De Sanctis
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Davide Grassi
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Sandrine Guerlet
LMD, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université PSL, Institut Polytechnique, Paris, France
Stéphane Le Mouélic
LPG, UMR-CNRS 6112, OSUNA, Nantes Université, 44322 Nantes CEDEX, France
Alessandra Migliorini
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Fabrizio Oliva
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Clément Royer
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Sébastien Rodriguez
Institut de physique du globe de Paris (IPGP), Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France
Katrin Stephan
Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 12489 Berlin, Germany
Federico Tosi
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Francesca Zambon
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Alberto Adriani
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Gabriele Arnold
Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 12489 Berlin, Germany
Jean-Pierre Bibring
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Dominique Bockelée
LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 92195 Meudon CEDEX, France
Rosario Brunetto
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Fabrizio Capaccioni
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Cristian Carli
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Thibault Cavalié
LAB, CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Miriam Cisneros González
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
Mauro Ciarnello
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Simone De Angelis
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Pierre Drossart
IAP, 75014 Paris, France
Gianrico Filacchione
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Thierry Fouchet
LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 92195 Meudon CEDEX, France
Jean-Claude Gérard
LPAP, STAR Institute, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
Denis Grodent
LPAP, STAR Institute, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
Patrick Irwin
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Sophie Jacquinod
LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 92195 Meudon CEDEX, France
Ozgur Karatekin
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
Emmanuel Lellouch
LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 92195 Meudon CEDEX, France
Nicolas Ligier
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Nicolas Mangold
LPG, UMR-CNRS 6112, OSUNA, Nantes Université, 44322 Nantes CEDEX, France
Magali Mebsout
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Frédéric Merlin
LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 92195 Meudon CEDEX, France
Alessandro Morbidelli
Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, 06304 Nice CEDEX 4, France
Alessandro Mura
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Andreas Nathues
MPI for Solar System Research, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
Maria E. Palumbo
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Cédric Pilorget
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Olivier Poch
Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
Eric Quirico
Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
Andrea Raponi
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Séverine Robert
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
Elias Roussos
MPI for Solar System Research, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
Agustin Sanchez-Lavega
Escuela Ingenieria de Bilbao, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
Bernard Schmitt
Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
Giuseppe Sindoni
ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
Marcel Snels
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Roberto Sordini
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Stefania Stefani
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Giovanni Strazzulla
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Tim Trent
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Gabriel Tobie
LPG, UMR-CNRS 6112, OSUNA, Nantes Université, 44322 Nantes CEDEX, France
Diego Turrini
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
Ann-Carine Vandaele
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
Mathieu Vincendon
IAS, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
Olivier Witasse
ESA, ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
Claire Vallat
ESA, ESOC, Madrid, Spain
Alessandro Moraino
LPAP, STAR Institute, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF-IAPS), 00133, Roma, Italy
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Christopher Johannes Diekmann, Matthias Schneider, Peter Knippertz, Tim Trent, Hartmut Boesch, Amelie Ninja Roehling, John Worden, Benjamin Ertl, Farahnaz Khosrawi, and Frank Hase
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5409–5431, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5409-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5409-2025, 2025
Short summary
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The West African Monsoon is the main source of rainfall over West Africa, and understanding the development of the monsoon remains challenging due to complex interactions of atmospheric processes. We make use of new satellite datasets of isotopes in tropospheric water vapour to characterize processes controlling the monsoon convection. We find that comparing different water vapour isotopes reveals effects of rain–vapour interactions and air mass transport.
Tim Trent, Marc Schröder, Shu-Peng Ho, Steffen Beirle, Ralf Bennartz, Eva Borbas, Christian Borger, Helene Brogniez, Xavier Calbet, Elisa Castelli, Gilbert P. Compo, Wesley Ebisuzaki, Ulrike Falk, Frank Fell, John Forsythe, Hans Hersbach, Misako Kachi, Shinya Kobayashi, Robert E. Kursinski, Diego Loyola, Zhengzao Luo, Johannes K. Nielsen, Enzo Papandrea, Laurence Picon, Rene Preusker, Anthony Reale, Lei Shi, Laura Slivinski, Joao Teixeira, Tom Vonder Haar, and Thomas Wagner
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Francesco Cairo, Martina Krämer, Armin Afchine, Guido Di Donfrancesco, Luca Di Liberto, Sergey Khaykin, Lorenza Lucaferri, Valentin Mitev, Max Port, Christian Rolf, Marcel Snels, Nicole Spelten, Ralf Weigel, and Stephan Borrmann
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Cirrus clouds have been observed over the Himalayan region between 10 km and the tropopause at 17–18 km. Data from backscattersonde, hygrometers, and particle cloud spectrometers have been compared to assess their consistency. Empirical relationships between optical parameters accessible with remote sensing lidars and cloud microphysical parameters (such as ice water content, particle number and surface area density, and particle aspherical fraction) have been established.
Tim Trent, Richard Siddans, Brian Kerridge, Marc Schröder, Noëlle A. Scott, and John Remedios
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1503–1526, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1503-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1503-2023, 2023
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Modern weather satellites provide essential information on our lower atmosphere's moisture content and temperature structure. This measurement record will span over 40 years, making it a valuable resource for climate studies. This study characterizes atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles from a European Space Agency climate project. Using weather balloon measurements, we demonstrated the performance of this dataset was within the tolerances required for future climate studies.
Francesco Cairo, Terry Deshler, Luca Di Liberto, Andrea Scoccione, and Marcel Snels
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 419–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-419-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-419-2023, 2023
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The T-matrix theory was used to compute the backscatter and depolarization of mixed-phase PSC, assuming that particles are solid (NAT or possibly ice) above a threshold radius R and liquid (STS) below, and a single shape is common to all solid particles. We used a dataset of coincident lidar and balloon-borne backscattersonde and OPC measurements. The agreement between modelled and measured backscatter is reasonable and allows us to constrain the parameters R and AR.
Francesco Cairo, Terry Deshler, Luca Di Liberto, Andrea Scoccione, and Marcel Snels
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-28, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-28, 2022
Publication in AMT not foreseen
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We study Mie theory on aspherical scatterers, computing on coincident measurements of PSC by lidar and Particle Counters, the backscatter and depolarization of mixed phase PSC. WParticles are assumed solid if larger than R; for these, Mie results are reduced by C < 1 and only a common fraction X < 1 of the backscattering is polarized. We retrieve R, C and X. The match of model and measurement is good for backscattering, poor for depolarization. The hypothesis on X may be not fulfilled.
Marcel Snels, Stefania Stefani, Angelo Boccaccini, David Biondi, and Giuseppe Piccioni
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7187–7197, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7187-2021, 2021
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A novel simulation chamber, PASSxS (Planetary Atmosphere Simulation System for Spectroscopy), has been developed for absorption measurements with a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) and possibly a cavity ring-down (CRD) spectrometer, with a sample temperature ranging from 100 K up to 550 K, while the pressure of the gas can be varied up to 60 bar. These temperature and pressure ranges cover a significant part of the planetary atmospheres in the solar system and possibly extrasolar planets.
Francesco Cairo, Mauro De Muro, Marcel Snels, Luca Di Liberto, Silvia Bucci, Bernard Legras, Ajil Kottayil, Andrea Scoccione, and Stefano Ghisu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7947–7961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7947-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7947-2021, 2021
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A lidar was used in Palau from February–March 2016. Clouds were observed peaking at 3 km below the high cold-point tropopause (CPT). Their occurrence was linked with cold anomalies, while in warm cases, cirrus clouds were restricted to 5 km below the CPT. Thin subvisible cirrus (SVC) near the CPT had distinctive characteristics. They were linked to wave-induced cold anomalies. Back trajectories are mostly compatible with convective outflow, while some distinctive SVC may originate in situ.
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Short summary
During the double Lunar-Earth Gravitational Assist with the ESA/JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer) spacecraft in August 2024, we acquired hyperspectral data cubes of both the Moon and Earth with the MAJIS (Moons And Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer) imaging spectrometer under challenging, real in-flight conditions. This allowed to characterize surface materials and thermophysical properties on the Moon, identify various cloud phases and gases in Earth's atmosphere, and thoroughly validate the performance of the instrument.
During the double Lunar-Earth Gravitational Assist with the ESA/JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons...
