Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 43, issue 2
Articles | Volume 43, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-881-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-881-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 43, issue 2
Regular paper
 | 
17 Dec 2025
Regular paper |  | 17 Dec 2025

Globally- and hemispherically-integrated Joule heating rates during the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm, according to physics-based and empirical models

Stelios Tourgaidis, Dimitris Baloukidis, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Theodoros Sarris, Aaron Ridley, and Gang Lu

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Short summary
During geomagnetic storms, Joule heating is a major heating source of the upper atmosphere that is not well estimated, due to a lack of measurements. This leads to uncertainties in orbital calculations. We present simulations with commonly used physics-based models and empirical models that provide measurements of Joule heating. The results show great discrepancies, pointing to the need for measurements in the Earth's Lower Thermosphere-Ionosphere at altitudes where Joule heating maximizes.
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