Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 43, issue 1
Articles | Volume 43, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-67-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-67-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 43, issue 1
Regular paper
 | 
15 Jan 2025
Regular paper |  | 15 Jan 2025

Global long-term trends in the total electron content

Jaroslav Urbář and Jan Laštovička

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Short summary
Total electron content (TEC) affects the GPS (Global Positioning System) signal propagation and applications of GPS signals like positioning. Here, we study long-term trends in TEC. TEC trends are regionally different and predominantly negative; all statistically significant trends are negative. TEC trends reveal a clear wavenumber 2 longitudinal structure in low/equatorial latitudes, with strong negative trends in belts 0–60° E and 180–240° E and weak trends in belts 90–150° E and 270–330° E.
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Special issue
Long-term trends in the stratosphere–mesosphere–thermosphere–ionosphere...