Far-ultraviolet (FUV) airglow radiation is particularly well suited for space-based remote sensing. The Ionospheric Photometer (IPM) instrument carried aboard the Feng Yun 3-D satellite measures the spectral radiance of the Earth FUV airglow. IPM is a tiny, highly sensitive, and robust remote sensing instrument. Initial results demonstrate that the performance of IPM meets the designed requirement and therefore can be used to study the thermosphere and ionosphere in the future.

In this paper, we propose a new explanation for shoulder-like formations based on the test particle model. The simulation reproduced three shoulders in a substorm case. The physical explanation of shoulder formation is not yet understood. The paper suggests that the physical mechanism of shoulder formation is the result of plasma extrusion in the predawn sector, caused by the outer plasmasphere drifting radially outward and rotating faster.

We used 14 satellites(GOES, POES, THEMIS, RBSP, FENGYUN, REPTile) measurement to investigate the loss mechanisms of a electron dropout event during a intense solar wind dynamic pressure pulse. The observations demonstrated that magnetopause shadowing and atmospheric loss both play important roles in electron flux dropout. Moreover, substrom injections and convection strongly enhanced the energetic electron fluxes, which may delay other than avoid the occurrence of electron flux dropout.