Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 39, issue 2
Articles | Volume 39, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-309-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-309-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 39, issue 2
Regular paper
 | 
19 Mar 2021
Regular paper |  | 19 Mar 2021

Inferring thermospheric composition from ionogram profiles: a calibration with the TIMED spacecraft

Christopher J. Scott, Shannon Jones, and Luke A. Barnard

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Latest update: 06 Nov 2025
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Short summary
The composition of the upper atmosphere has been difficult to measure with localised observations relying on spacecraft, suborbital rockets or measurements of airglow from ground-based observatories. The height profile of ionisation within the neutral upper atmosphere is influenced by the composition of the neutral gas. We present a method for determining the neutral upper-atmosphere composition from measurements of the ionisation profile and compare these with spacecraft measurements.
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