Bosilovich, M. G., Lucchesi, R., and Suarez, M.: MERRA-2: File Specification,
available at:
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150019760 (last access: 27 October 2016), 2015.
a,
b
Buehler, S. A., Östman, S., Melsheimer, C., Holl, G., Eliasson, S., John, V. O., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Elgered, G., Raffalski, U., Nasuno, T., Satoh, M., Milz, M., and Mendrok, J.: A multi-instrument comparison of integrated water vapour measurements at a high latitude site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10925–10943,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10925-2012, 2012.
a,
b
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi,
S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P.,
Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C.,
Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B.,
Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M.,
Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park,
B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., and Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data
assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
137, 553–597,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
a,
b
Dessler, A. E., Zhang, Z., and Yang, P.: Water-vapor climate feedback inferred
from climate fluctuations, 2003–2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20704,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035333, 2008.
a
Gao, L., Bernhardt, M., and Schulz, K.: Elevation correction of ERA-Interim temperature data in complex terrain, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4661–4673,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4661-2012, 2012.
a
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, L.,
Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M. G., Reichle, R., Wargan, K., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A., da Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G.-K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D.,
Nielsen, J. E., Partyka, G., Pawson, S., Putman, W., Rienecker, M., Schubert, S. D., Sienkiewicz, M., Zhao, B.: The
modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2
(MERRA-2), J. Climate, 30, 5419–5454, 2017.
a,
b
GMAO: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office,
MERRA-2inst1_2d_int_Nx:2d, 1-Hourly, Instantaneous, Single-Level,
Assimilation, Vertically Integrated Diagnostics V5.12.4. Greenbelt, MD, USA.
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC),
https://doi.org/10.5067/G0U6NGQ3BLE0, 2015.
a
Heise, S., Dick, G., Gendt, G., Schmidt, T., and Wickert, J.: Integrated water vapor from IGS ground-based GPS observations: initial results from a global 5-min data set, Ann. Geophys., 27, 2851–2859,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2851-2009, 2009.
a,
b,
c
Hofmann-Wellenhof, B. and Moritz, H.: Physical geodesy, Springer Science &
Business Media, Vienna, Austria, 2006.
a,
b
Mengistu Tsidu, G., Blumenstock, T., and Hase, F.: Observations of precipitable water vapour over complex topography of Ethiopia from ground-based GPS, FTIR, radiosonde and ERA-Interim reanalysis, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3277–3295,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3277-2015, 2015.
a
Ning, T., Elgered, G., Willén, U., and Johansson, J. M.: Evaluation of the
atmospheric water vapor content in a regional climate model using
ground-based GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
118, 329–339,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd018053, 2013.
a,
b
Pavlis, N. K., Holmes, S. A., Kenyon, S. C., and Factor, J. K.: The development
and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), J.
Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, B04406,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008916, 2012.
a
Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Liu,
E., Bosilovich, M. G., Schubert, S. D., Takacs, L., Kim, G.-K., Bloom, S., Chen, J.,
Collins, D., Conaty, A., da Silva, A., Gu, W., Joiner, J., Koster, R. D., Lucchesi, R.,
Molod, A., Owens, T., Pawson, S., Pegion, P., Redder, C. R., Reichle, R., Robertson, F. R.,
Ruddick, A. G., Sienkiewicz, M., and Woollen, J.:
MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and
Applications, J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00015.1, 2011.
a
Teke, K., Nilsson, T., Böhm, J., Hobiger, T., Steigenberger, P.,
García-Espada, S., Haas, R., and Willis, P.: Troposphere delays from space
geodetic techniques, water vapor radiometers, and numerical weather models
over a series of continuous VLBI campaigns, J. Geodesy, 87,
981–1001,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-013-0662-z, 2013.
a
van Dam, T., Altamimi, Z., Collilieux, X., and Ray, J.: Topographically induced
height errors in predicted atmospheric loading effects, J.
Geophys. Res., 115, B07415,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb006810, 2010.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e
Van Malderen, R., Brenot, H., Pottiaux, E., Beirle, S., Hermans, C., De Mazière, M., Wagner, T., De Backer, H., and Bruyninx, C.: A multi-site intercomparison of integrated water vapour observations for climate change analysis, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2487–2512,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2487-2014, 2014.
a,
b
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Fu, Y., Li, R., and Yang, Y.: A climatological comparison
of column-integrated water vapor for the third-generation reanalysis
datasets, Science China Earth Sciences, 59, 296–306,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5183-6, 2015.
a
Zhu, J.-H., Ma, S.-P., Zou, H., Zhou, L.-B., and Li, P.: Evaluation of reanalysis products with
in situ GPS sounding observations in the Eastern Himalayas, Atmos. Ocean.
Sci. Lett., 7, 17–22,
https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0050, 2014.
a,
b