The ionospheric response over the UK to major bombing raids during World War II

Scott, Christopher J.; Major, Patrick

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1243-2018

Articles | Volume 36, issue 5

https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1243-2018

© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1243-2018

© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 36, issue 5

Regular paper

|

26 Sep 2018

Regular paper |

| 26 Sep 2018

The ionospheric response over the UK to major bombing raids during World War II

Christopher J. Scott and Patrick Major

Viewed

Total article views: 13,849 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
11,364	2,297	188	13,849	132	127

HTML: 11,364
PDF: 2,297
XML: 188
Total: 13,849
BibTeX: 132
EndNote: 127

Views and downloads (calculated since 18 May 2018)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
May 2018	136	31	5	172
Jun 2018	139	11	2	152
Jul 2018	35	11	1	47
Aug 2018	18	11	2	31
Sep 2018	4,647	789	23	5,459
Oct 2018	1,615	495	31	2,141
Nov 2018	314	93	7	414
Dec 2018	104	42	5	151
Jan 2019	104	28	1	133
Feb 2019	116	39	3	158
Mar 2019	125	30	1	156
Apr 2019	61	13	3	77
May 2019	108	16	5	129
Jun 2019	72	13	4	89
Jul 2019	48	9	1	58
Aug 2019	45	13	0	58
Sep 2019	54	6	0	60
Oct 2019	60	13	1	74
Nov 2019	51	12	0	63
Dec 2019	40	6	1	47
Jan 2020	62	13	1	76
Feb 2020	68	15	1	84
Mar 2020	70	14	0	84
Apr 2020	60	12	0	72
May 2020	42	11	2	55
Jun 2020	44	14	2	60
Jul 2020	43	23	3	69
Aug 2020	52	11	3	66
Sep 2020	38	2	0	40
Oct 2020	46	10	2	58
Nov 2020	55	21	0	76
Dec 2020	80	17	0	97
Jan 2021	68	15	1	84
Feb 2021	87	7	1	95
Mar 2021	81	18	2	101
Apr 2021	63	15	0	78
May 2021	65	13	1	79
Jun 2021	59	10	2	71
Jul 2021	55	14	1	70
Aug 2021	57	11	2	70
Sep 2021	83	20	1	104
Oct 2021	48	31	0	79
Nov 2021	55	27	2	84
Dec 2021	66	9	1	76
Jan 2022	70	12	0	82
Feb 2022	58	6	4	68
Mar 2022	124	10	1	135
Apr 2022	73	10	2	85
May 2022	83	5	0	88
Jun 2022	58	9	0	67
Jul 2022	108	9	0	117
Aug 2022	81	9	0	90
Sep 2022	46	9	1	56
Oct 2022	57	7	3	67
Nov 2022	77	12	0	89
Dec 2022	90	13	3	106
Jan 2023	70	6	0	76
Feb 2023	84	5	3	92
Mar 2023	95	3	2	100
Apr 2023	52	5	1	58
May 2023	79	11	3	93
Jun 2023	50	3	0	53
Jul 2023	53	8	4	65
Aug 2023	46	2	1	49
Sep 2023	63	12	6	81
Oct 2023	49	13	2	64
Nov 2023	29	7	0	36
Dec 2023	68	17	4	89
Jan 2024	50	3	1	54
Feb 2024	41	11	0	52
Mar 2024	60	14	4	78
Apr 2024	66	10	7	83
May 2024	74	11	9	94
Jun 2024	71	11	3	85

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 18 May 2018)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
May 2018	136	31	5	172
Jun 2018	139	11	2	152
Jul 2018	35	11	1	47
Aug 2018	18	11	2	31
Sep 2018	4,647	789	23	5,459
Oct 2018	1,615	495	31	2,141
Nov 2018	314	93	7	414
Dec 2018	104	42	5	151
Jan 2019	104	28	1	133
Feb 2019	116	39	3	158
Mar 2019	125	30	1	156
Apr 2019	61	13	3	77
May 2019	108	16	5	129
Jun 2019	72	13	4	89
Jul 2019	48	9	1	58
Aug 2019	45	13	0	58
Sep 2019	54	6	0	60
Oct 2019	60	13	1	74
Nov 2019	51	12	0	63
Dec 2019	40	6	1	47
Jan 2020	62	13	1	76
Feb 2020	68	15	1	84
Mar 2020	70	14	0	84
Apr 2020	60	12	0	72
May 2020	42	11	2	55
Jun 2020	44	14	2	60
Jul 2020	43	23	3	69
Aug 2020	52	11	3	66
Sep 2020	38	2	0	40
Oct 2020	46	10	2	58
Nov 2020	55	21	0	76
Dec 2020	80	17	0	97
Jan 2021	68	15	1	84
Feb 2021	87	7	1	95
Mar 2021	81	18	2	101
Apr 2021	63	15	0	78
May 2021	65	13	1	79
Jun 2021	59	10	2	71
Jul 2021	55	14	1	70
Aug 2021	57	11	2	70
Sep 2021	83	20	1	104
Oct 2021	48	31	0	79
Nov 2021	55	27	2	84
Dec 2021	66	9	1	76
Jan 2022	70	12	0	82
Feb 2022	58	6	4	68
Mar 2022	124	10	1	135
Apr 2022	73	10	2	85
May 2022	83	5	0	88
Jun 2022	58	9	0	67
Jul 2022	108	9	0	117
Aug 2022	81	9	0	90
Sep 2022	46	9	1	56
Oct 2022	57	7	3	67
Nov 2022	77	12	0	89
Dec 2022	90	13	3	106
Jan 2023	70	6	0	76
Feb 2023	84	5	3	92
Mar 2023	95	3	2	100
Apr 2023	52	5	1	58
May 2023	79	11	3	93
Jun 2023	50	3	0	53
Jul 2023	53	8	4	65
Aug 2023	46	2	1	49
Sep 2023	63	12	6	81
Oct 2023	49	13	2	64
Nov 2023	29	7	0	36
Dec 2023	68	17	4	89
Jan 2024	50	3	1	54
Feb 2024	41	11	0	52
Mar 2024	60	14	4	78
Apr 2024	66	10	7	83
May 2024	74	11	9	94
Jun 2024	71	11	3	85

Viewed (geographical distribution)

Total article views: 13,849 (including HTML, PDF, and XML) Thereof 13,099 with geography defined and 750 with unknown origin.

Country	#	Views	%

1

1

Cited

Discussed (final revised paper)

Discussed (preprint)

Latest update: 29 Jun 2024

Short summary

The variability of the Earth's ionosphere (the electrified region of the Earth's upper atmosphere) results from external forcing from above (through solar activity and space weather effects) and from below (via natural sources such as lightning storms and tectonics). Bombing raids over Europe during World War II were used to determine the quantitative impact of explosions on the ionosphere. It was found that raids using more than 300 tonnes of explosives weakened the ionosphere for up to 5 h.