Annales Geophysicae
Annales Geophysicae
ANGEO
Articles | Volume 36, issue 5
Articles | Volume 36, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1243-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1243-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 36, issue 5
Regular paper
 | 
26 Sep 2018
Regular paper |  | 26 Sep 2018

The ionospheric response over the UK to major bombing raids during World War II

Christopher J. Scott and Patrick Major

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Short summary
The variability of the Earth's ionosphere (the electrified region of the Earth's upper atmosphere) results from external forcing from above (through solar activity and space weather effects) and from below (via natural sources such as lightning storms and tectonics). Bombing raids over Europe during World War II were used to determine the quantitative impact of explosions on the ionosphere. It was found that raids using more than 300 tonnes of explosives weakened the ionosphere for up to 5 h.
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