We present the impact of quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) disruption events on diurnal tides over the low- and mid-latitude MLT region observed by a meteor radar chain. By using a global atmospheric model and reanalysis data, it is found that the stratospheric QBO winds can affect the mesospheric diurnal tides by modulating the subtropical ozone variability in the upper stratosphere and the interaction between tides and gravity waves in the mesosphere.

Sub-auroral polarisation streams (SAPSs) are very fast plasma flows that occur at mid-latitudes, which can affect the atmosphere. In this paper, we use four ground-based radars to obtain a wide coverage of SAPSs that occurred over the USA, along with interferometer cameras in Virginia and Massachusetts to measure winds. The winds are strongly affected but in different ways, implying that the balance forces on the atmosphere is strongly dependent on proximity to the disturbance.

Based on the gradient balance wind theory and the SABER observations, a dataset of monthly mean zonal wind has been developed at heights of 18–100 km and latitudes of 50° Sndash;50° N from 2002 to 2019. The dataset agrees with the zonal wind from models (MERRA2, UARP, HWM14) and observations by meteor radar and lidar at seven stations. The dataset can be used to study seasonal and interannual variations and can serve as a background for wave studies of tides and planetary waves.

In this study, the performance of BDS B1 frequency standard point positioning during different classes of geomagnetic storms is investigated for the first time. The main finding is that the point positioning accuracy was degraded during the storms. The probability of the extrema in the statistics of positioning errors during strong storms is the largest, followed by moderate and weak storms. The positioning accuracy for storms of a similar class is found not to be at the same level.

Travelling ionospheric disturbances behave like waves in the ionosphere, the ionised upper part of the atmosphere. In this study, we use an ionospheric tomography technique to map the electron content as affected by the passage of a large-scale travelling ionospheric disturbance launched during the largest geomagnetic storm observed by modern instruments. This is the first such imaging using this software and to the authors' knowledge the first study of this travelling ionospheric disturbance.