We analyse the climatology of the ionosphere over Nepal based on GPS-derived vertical total electron content (VTEC) during 2008–2018. The study illustrates the diurnal, monthly, annual, seasonal and solar cycle variations in VTEC. The results show equinoctial asymmetry in TEC in maximum phases in 2014, followed by descending, ascending and minimum phases. The winter anomalies are seen during increasing and maximum phases of the solar cycle (2011–2014) from almost all stations considered.

Based on a field experiment conducted in June and July 2016, we analyzed the daytime breakup of continental low-level stratiform clouds over southern West Africa in order to provide complementary guidance for model evaluation during the monsoon season. Those clouds exhibit weaker temperature and moisture jumps at the top compared to marine stratiform clouds. Their lifetime and the transition towards shallow convective clouds during daytime hours depend on their coupling with the surface.

The electrical inductions within the Earth surface due to geomagnetic field variations were examined. For that purpose the records of the geomagnetic and geo-electric field variations observed in West Africa were used. We have found that the geomagnetic field brisk variations induce non-negligible geo-electric field variations at low latitudes. This result implies a possible intense geomagnetically induced current flow in the vicinity of the equatorial electrojet influence area.