Ergun, R. E., Carlson, C. W., Mozer, F. S., Delory, G. T., and Cattell, C. A.: The Fast Satellite Fields Instrument, Space Sci. Rev., 98, 67–91, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013131708323, 2001.
Gamarra, M. R., Gonzalez, J., Stepanova, M. V., and Antonova, E. E.: Variation of Plasma Pressure at the Auroral Oval Latitudes before, during, and after the Isolated Geomagnetic Substorm on 22 December 2008, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 60, 452–460, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016793220040131, 2020.
Ganguli, S. B.: The polar wind, Rev. Geophys., 34, 311–348, https://doi.org/10.1029/96rg00497, 1996.
Geiss, J., Balsiger, H., Eberhardt, P., Walker, H. P., Weber, L., Young, D. T., and Rosenbauer, H.: Dynamics of magnetospheric ion Composition as observed by the GEOS mass spectrometer, Space Sci. Rev., 22, 537–566, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00223940, 1978.
Harvey, P. R., Curtis, D. W., Heetderks, H. D., Pankow, D., Rauch-Leiba, J. M., Wittenbrock, S. K., and McFadden, J. P.: The FAST Spacecraft Instrument Data Processing Unit, Space Sci. Rev., 98, 113–149, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013135809232, 2001.
Hatch, S. M., Chaston, C. C., and LaBelle, J.: Alfvén wave-driven ionospheric mass outflow and electron precipitation during storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 7828–7846, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022805, 2016.
Hatch, S. M., LaBelle, J., Lotko, W., Chaston, C. C., and Zhang, B.: IMF control of Alfvénic energy transport and deposition at high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 12, 12189–12211, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024175, 2017.
Hatch, S. M., Moretto, T., Lynch, K. A., Laundal, K. M., Gjerloev, J. W., and Lund, E. J.: The relationship between cusp region ion outflows and east–west magnetic field fluctuations at 4000 km altitude, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 125, e2019JA027454, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027454, 2020.
Hull, A. J., Chaston, C. C., and Damiano, P. A.: Multipoint Cluster Observations of Kinetic Alfvén Waves, Electron Energization, and
O+ Ion Outflow Response in the Mid-Altitude Cusp Associated With Solar Wind Pressure and/or IMF BZ Variations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 128, e2023JA031982, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ja031982, 2023.
Kistler, L. M.: FAST/TEAMS energy-pitch angle distributions [data set], NASA Space Physics Data Facility [data set],
https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/fast/teams/l2/pa/ (last access: 7 January 2026), 2023.
Kistler, L. M., Mouikis, C. G., and Genestreti, K. J.: In-flight calibration of the Cluster/CODIF sensor, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 2, 225–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-225-2013, 2013.
Kitamura, N., Seki, K., Keika, K., Nishimura, Y., Hori, T., Hirahara, M., Lund, E. J., Kistler, L., M., and Strangeway, R. J.: On the relationship between energy input to the ionosphere and the ion outflow flux under different solar zenith angles, Earth Planets Space, 73, 202, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01532-y, 2021.
Klumpar, D. M., Möbius, E., Kistler, L. M., Popecki, M., Hertzberg, E., Crocker, K., Granoff, M., Tang, L., Carlson, C. W., McFadden, J., Klecker, B., Eberl, F., Künneth, E., Kästle, H., Ertl, M., Peterson, W. K., Shelly, E. G., and Hovestadt, D.: The Time-of-Flight Energy, Angle, Mass Spectrograph (TEAMS) Experiment for FAST, Space Sci. Rev., 98, 197–219, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0332-2_8, 2001.
Lennartsson, O. W., Collin, H. L., and Peterson, W. K.: Solar wind control of Earth's
H+ and
O+ outflow rates in the 15-eV to 33-keV energy range, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A12212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010690, 2004.
Lund, E. J., Möbius, E., Klumpar, D. M., Kistler, L. M., Popecki, M. A., Klecker, B., Ergun, R. E., McFadden, J. P., Carlson, C. W., and Strangeway, R. J.: Direct comparison of transverse ion acceleration mechanisms in the auroral region at solar minimum, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22801–22805, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999ja900265, 1999.
Lund, E. J., Möbius, E., Carlson, C. W., Ergun, R. E., Kistler, L. M., Klecker, B., Klumpar, D. M., McFadden, J. P., Popecki, M. A., Strangeway, R. J., and Tung, Y. K.: Transverse ion acceleration mechanisms in the aurora at solar minimum: occurrence distributions, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 62, 467–475, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(00)00013-4, 2000.
Lund, E. J., Nowrouzi, N., Zhao, K., Kistler, L. M., Mouikis, C. G., and Klecker, B.: Recalibration of ion composition data from Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST), J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 130, e2025JA034038, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034038, 2025.
McFadden, J. P., Carlson, C. W., Ergun, R. E., Mozer, F. S., Temerin, M., Peria, W., Klumpar, D. M., Shelley, E. G., Peterson, W. K., Moebius, E., Kistler, L. M., Elphic, R., Strangeway, R. J., Cattell, C., and Pfaff, R.: Spatial structure and gradients of ion beams observed by FAST, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2021–2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl00648, 1998.
Möbius, E., Tang, L., Kistler, L. M., Popecki, M., Lund, E. J., Klumpar, D. M., Peterson, W. K., Shelley, E. G., Klecker, B., Hovestadt, D., Carlson, C. W., Ergun, R. E., McFadden, J. P., Mozer, F. S., Temerin, M., Cattell, C., Elphic, R., Strangeway, R. J., and Pfaff, R.: Species dependent energies in upward directed ion beams over auroral arcs as observed with FAST TEAMS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2029–2032, https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl00381, 1998.
Newell, P. T., Sotirelis, T., Liou, K., Meng, C.-I., and Rich, F. J.: A nearly universal solar wind-magnetosphere coupling function inferred from 10 magnetospheric state variables, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A01206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012015, 2007.
Nosé, M., Taguchi, S., Christon, S. P., Collier, M. R., Moore, T. E., Carlson, C. W., and McFadden, J. P.: Response of ions of ionospheric origin to storm time substorms: Coordinated observations over the ionosphere and in the plasma sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A05207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009ja014048, 2009.
Nosé, M., Iyemori, T., Sugiura, M., and Kamei, T.: Geomagnetic Dst index, World Data Center for Geomagnetism [data set], https://doi.org/10.17593/14515-74000, 2015.
Nowrouzi, N.: Ionospheric
O+ and
H+ Outflow During Geomagnetic Storms, Ph. D. thesis, Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, USA, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,
https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2722/ (last access: 7 January 2026), 2022.
Nowrouzi, N., Kistler, L. M., Zhao, K., Lund, E. J., Mouikis, C., Payne, G., and Klecker, B.: The variation of ionospheric
O+ and
H+ outflow on storm timescales, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 128, e2023JA031786, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA031786, 2023.
Peterson, W. K.: Perspective on Energetic and Thermal Atmospheric Photoelectrons, Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2021.655309, 2021.
Peterson, W. K., Tung, Y.-K., Carlson, C. W., Clemmons, J. H., Collin, H. L., Ergun, R. E., Fuselier, S. A., Kletzing, C. A., Klumpar, D. M., Lennartsson, O. W., Lepping, R. P., Maynard, N. C., McFadden, J. P., Onsager, T. G., Peria, W. J., Russell, C. T., Shelley, E. G., Tang, L., and Wygant, J.: Simultaneous observations of solar wind plasma entry from FAST and POLAR, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2081–2084, https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl00668, 1998.
Peterson, W. K., Collin, H. L., Lennartsson, O. W., and Yau, A. W.: Quiet time solar illumination effects on the fluxes and characteristic energies of ionospheric outflow, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A11S05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005ja011596, 2006.
Peterson, W. K., Brain, D. A., Schnepf, N. R., Dong, Y., Chamberlin, P., and Yau, A. W.: Atmospheric escape from Earth and Mars: Response to solar and solar wind drivers of oxygen escape, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL107675, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107675, 2024.
Pfaff, R., Carlson, C., Watzin, J., Everett, D., and Gruner, T.: An Overview of the Fast Auroral Snapshot (FAST) Satellite, in: The FAST Mission, edited by: Pfaff, R. F., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0332-2_1, 2001.
Ramstad, R. and Barabash, S.: Do intrinsic magnetic fields protect planetary atmospheres from stellar winds?, Space Science Reviews, 217, 36, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00791-1, 2021.
Russell, C. T., Wang, Y. L., Raeder, J., Tokar, R. L., Smith, C. W., Ogilvie, K. W., Lazarus, A. J., Lepping, R. P., Szabo, A., Kawano, H., Mukai, T., Savin, S., Yermolaev, Y. I., Zhou, X.-Y., and Tsurutani, B. T.: The interplanetary shock of September 24, 1998: Arrival at Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 25143–25154, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000ja900070, 2000.
Samsonov, A., Milan, S., Buzulukova, N., Sibeck, D., Forsyth, C., Branduardi-Raymont, G., and Dai, L.: Time Sequence of Magnetospheric Responses to a Southward IMF Turning, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 129, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ja032378, 2024.
Sauvaud, J. A., Treilhou, J. P., Saint-Marc, A., Dandouras, J., Rème, H., Korth, A., Kremser, G., Parks, G. K., Zaitzev, A. N., Petrov, V., Lazutine, L., and Pellinen, R.: Large scale response of the magnetosphere to a southward turning of t
he interplanetary magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 92, 2365–2376, https://doi.org/10.1029/ja092ia03p02365, 1987.
Schillings, A., Slapak, R., Nilsson, H., Yamauchi, M., Dandouras, I., and Westerberg, L.-G.: Earth atmospheric loss through the plasma mantle and its dependence on solar wind parameters, Earth Planets Space, 71, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-1048-0, 2019.
Shelley, E. G., Johnson, R. G., and Sharp, R. D.: Satellite observations of energetic heavy ions during a geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 6104–6110, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA077i031p06104, 1972.
Strangeway, R. J., Ergun, R. E., Su, Y.-J., Carlson, C. W., and Elphic, R. C.: Factors controlling ionospheric outflows as observed at intermediate altitude, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A03221, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010829, 2005.
Wilson, G. R., Ober, D. M., Germany, G. A., and Lund, E. J.: The relationship between suprathermal heavy ion outflow and auroral electron energy deposition: Polar/Ultraviolet Imager and Fast Auroral Snapshot/Time-of-Flight Energy Angle Mass Spectrometer observations, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18981–18993, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000ja000434, 2001.
Yao, Y., Seki, K., Miyoshi, Y., McFadden, J. P., Lund, E. J., and Carlson, C. W.: Effect of solar wind variation on low-energy
O+ populations in the magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms: FAST observations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A04220, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007ja012681, 2008.
Zhao, K., Kistler, L. M., Lund, E. J., Nowrouzi, N., Kitamura, N., and Strangeway, R. J.: Factors controlling
O+ and
H+ outflow in the cusp during a geomagnetic storm: FAST/TEAMS observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL086975, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL086975, 2020.
Zhao, K., Kistler, L. M., Lund, E. J., Nowrouzi, N., Kitamura, N., and Strangeway, R. J.: Nightside Auroral
H+ and
O+ Outflows Versus Energy Inputs During a Geomagnetic Storm, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 127, e2022JA030923, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030923, 2022.
Zheng, Y., Moore, T. E., Mozer, F. S., Russell, C. T., and Strangeway, R. J.: Polar study of ionospheric ion outflow versus energy input, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A07210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010995, 2005.
